Quantitative in situ PCR assay of HTLV-1 infected cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients with ATL, HAM/TSP and asymptomatic carriers

Abstract We established an in situ PCR (IS-PCR) method that amplified the pX region of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) proviral DNA. The procedure was highly sensitive in accurately detecting the number of cells infected with HTLV-1. We estimated the number of HTLV-1 infected cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with HAM/TSP, ATL and asymptomatic carriers. ATL patients ( n =5) had 8–93% IS-PCR positive cells for HTLV-1 and these percentages correlated with the clinical stages. Asymptomatic carriers ( n =3) had 0.8–3.8% (mean 1.1%, S.D. 1.7) positive cells. HAM/TSP patients ( n =10) had 3.1–8.5% (5.8%, 2.7) positive cells. Patients with shorter duration of illness showed larger percentages compared with patients with longer duration. In one HAM/TSP patient, the number of IS-PCR positive cells decreased from 5.1% to 1.5% coincident with the times of lymphocytapheresis treatment. Our studies may suggest that an increased viral load initiates the pathogenic process of HAM/TSP and the estimation of HTLV-1 proviral load by IS-PCR method is useful to understand the clinical state of HAM/TSP.