Observations of oceanic fronts and water-mass properties in the central Japan Sea: Repeated surveys from an underwater glider

Abstract Repeated glider surveys were conducted in the Japan Sea during April–June 2016. Observations revealed mesoscale hydrographic structures of the subpolar front, the Tsushima Warm Current, and eddies formed around flows in the central Japan Sea off Sado Island, in addition to fine-scale water properties associated with mesoscale variation. Data collected from satellite altimeters and thermometers, profiling floats, and ship conductivity–temperature–depth profiles were also analyzed to elucidate spatiotemporal characteristics in multiscale phenomena: meso-scale to fine scale. We present new quantitative estimates of the geostrophic volume transports of the Tsushima Warm Current and the subpolar front current in the central Japan Sea, based on hydrographic data from the glider’s transects: they are, respectively, 2.5 − 2.7 Sv and 1.1 − 1.4 Sv. The mesoscale frontal/eddy structures varied greatly on a timescale of less than one month. We classified water masses, which revealed that the upper-layer, the low-salinity water within an anticyclonic eddy, was characterized in terms of salinity 100 m in this region, for which there are few hydrographic measurement data.