Slerp

In computer graphics, Slerp is shorthand for spherical linear interpolation, introduced by Ken Shoemake in the context of quaternion interpolation for the purpose of animating 3D rotation. It refers to constant-speed motion along a unit-radius great circle arc, given the ends and an interpolation parameter between 0 and 1. In computer graphics, Slerp is shorthand for spherical linear interpolation, introduced by Ken Shoemake in the context of quaternion interpolation for the purpose of animating 3D rotation. It refers to constant-speed motion along a unit-radius great circle arc, given the ends and an interpolation parameter between 0 and 1. Slerp has a geometric formula independent of quaternions, and independent of the dimension of the space in which the arc is embedded. This formula, a symmetric weighted sum credited to Glenn Davis, is based on the fact that any point on the curve must be a linear combination of the ends. Let p0 and p1 be the first and last points of the arc, and let t be the parameter, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Compute Ω as the angle subtended by the arc, so that cos Ω = p0 ∙ p1, the n-dimensional dot product of the unit vectors from the origin to the ends. The geometric formula is then The symmetry can be seen in the fact that S l e r p ( p 0 , p 1 ; t ) {displaystyle mathrm {Slerp} (p_{0},p_{1};t)} = S l e r p ( p 1 , p 0 ; 1 − t ) {displaystyle mathrm {Slerp} (p_{1},p_{0};1-t)} . In the limit as Ω → 0, this formula reduces to the corresponding symmetric formula for linear interpolation, A Slerp path is, in fact, the spherical geometry equivalent of a path along a line segment in the plane; a great circle is a spherical geodesic. More familiar than the general Slerp formula is the case when the end vectors are perpendicular, in which case the formula is p0 cos θ + p1 sin θ. Letting θ = t π/2, and applying the trigonometric identity cos θ = sin (π/2 − θ), this becomes the Slerp formula. The factor of 1/sin Ω in the general formula is a normalization, since a vector p1 at an angle of Ω to p0 projects onto the perpendicular ⊥p0 with a length of only sin Ω. Some special cases of Slerp admit more efficient calculation. When a circular arc is to be drawn into a raster image, the preferred method is some variation of Bresenham's circle algorithm. Evaluation at the special parameter values 0 and 1 trivially yields p0 and p1, respectively; and bisection, evaluation at ½, simplifies to (p0 + p1)/2, normalized. Another special case, common in animation, is evaluation with fixed ends and equal parametric steps. If pk−1 and pk are two consecutive values, and if c is twice their dot product (constant for all steps), then the next value, pk+1, is the reflection pk+1 = c pk − pk−1. When Slerp is applied to unit quaternions, the quaternion path maps to a path through 3D rotations in a standard way. The effect is a rotation with uniform angular velocity around a fixed rotation axis. When the initial end point is the identity quaternion, Slerp gives a segment of a one-parameter subgroup of both the Lie group of 3D rotations, SO(3), and its universal covering group of unit quaternions, S3. Slerp gives a straightest and shortest path between its quaternion end points, and maps to a rotation through an angle of 2Ω. However, because the covering is double (q and −q map to the same rotation), the rotation path may turn either the 'short way' (less than 180°) or the 'long way' (more than 180°). Long paths can be prevented by negating one end if the dot product, cos Ω, is negative, thus ensuring that −90° ≤ Ω ≤ 90°. Slerp also has expressions in terms of quaternion algebra, all using exponentiation. Real powers of a quaternion are defined in terms of the quaternion exponential function, written as e q and given by the power series equally familiar from calculus, complex analysis and matrix algebra: Writing a unit quaternion q in versor form, cos Ω + v sin Ω, with v a unit 3-vector, and noting that the quaternion square v2 equals −1 (implying a quaternion version of Euler's formula), we have e v Ω = q, and q t = cos t Ω + v sin t Ω. The identification of interest is q = q1 q0−1, so that the real part of q is cos Ω, the same as the geometric dot product used above. Here are four equivalent quaternion expressions for Slerp.