Normal probability plot

The normal probability plot is a graphical technique to identify substantive departures from normality. This includes identifying outliers, skewness, kurtosis, a need for transformations, and mixtures. Normal probability plots are made of raw data, residuals from model fits, and estimated parameters. Normal probability plot of a sample from a normal distribution – it looks fairly straight, at least when the few large and small values are ignored.Histogram of a sample from a normal distribution – it looks fairly symmetric and unimodalNormal probability plot of a sample from a right-skewed distribution – it has an inverted C shape.Histogram of a sample from a right-skewed distribution – it looks unimodal and skewed right.Normal probability plot of a sample from a uniform distribution – it has an S shape.Histogram of a sample from a uniform distribution – it looks multimodal and supposedly roughly symmetric. The normal probability plot is a graphical technique to identify substantive departures from normality. This includes identifying outliers, skewness, kurtosis, a need for transformations, and mixtures. Normal probability plots are made of raw data, residuals from model fits, and estimated parameters. In a normal probability plot (also called a 'normal plot'), the sorted data are plotted vs. values selected to make the resulting image look close to a straight line if the data are approximately normally distributed. Deviations from a straight line suggest departures from normality. The plotting can be manually performed by using a special graph paper, called normal probability paper. With modern computers normal plots are commonly made with software. The normal probability plot is a special case of the Q–Q probability plot for a normal distribution. The theoretical quantiles are generally chosen to approximate either the mean or the median of the corresponding order statistics. The normal probability plot is formed by plotting the sorted data vs. an approximation to the means or medians of the corresponding order statistics; see rankit. Some users plot the data on the vertical axis; others plot the data on the horizontal axis. Different sources use slightly different approximations for rankits. The formula used by the 'qqnorm' function in the basic 'stats' package in R (programming language) is as follows: for i = 1, 2, ..., n, where and Φ−1 is the standard normal quantile function.