Force of infection

In epidemiology, force of infection (denoted λ {displaystyle lambda } ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease. Because it takes account of susceptibility it can be used to compare the rate of transmission between different groups of the population for the same infectious disease, or even between different infectious diseases. That is to say, λ {displaystyle lambda } is directly proportional to β {displaystyle eta } ; the effective transmission rate. In epidemiology, force of infection (denoted λ {displaystyle lambda } ) is the rate at which susceptible individuals acquire an infectious disease. Because it takes account of susceptibility it can be used to compare the rate of transmission between different groups of the population for the same infectious disease, or even between different infectious diseases. That is to say, λ {displaystyle lambda } is directly proportional to β {displaystyle eta } ; the effective transmission rate. Such a calculation is difficult because not all new infections are reported, and it is often difficult to know how many susceptibles were exposed. However, λ {displaystyle lambda } can be calculated for an infectious disease in an endemic state if homogeneous mixing of the population and a rectangular population distribution (such as that generally found in developed countries) is assumed. In this case, λ {displaystyle lambda } is given by: where A {displaystyle A} is the average age of infection. In other words, A {displaystyle A} is the average time spent in the susceptible group before becoming infected. The rate of becoming infected ( λ {displaystyle lambda } ) is therefore 1 / A {displaystyle 1/A} (since rate is 1/time). The advantage of this method of calculating λ {displaystyle lambda } is that data on the average age of infection is very easily obtainable, even if not all cases of the disease are reported.