SOD1

1AZV, 1BA9, 1DSW, 1FUN, 1HL4, 1HL5, 1KMG, 1L3N, 1MFM, 1N18, 1N19, 1OEZ, 1OZT, 1OZU, 1P1V, 1PTZ, 1PU0, 1RK7, 1SOS, 1SPD, 1UXL, 1UXM, 2AF2, 2C9S, 2C9U, 2C9V, 2GBT, 2GBU, 2GBV, 2LU5, 2MP3, 2NNX, 2R27, 2V0A, 2VR6, 2VR7, 2VR8, 2WKO, 2WYT, 2WYZ, 2WZ0, 2WZ5, 2WZ6, 2XJK, 2XJL, 2ZKW, 2ZKX, 2ZKY, 3CQP, 3CQQ, 3ECU, 3ECV, 3ECW, 3GQF, 3GTV, 3GZO, 3GZP, 3GZQ, 3H2P, 3H2Q, 3HFF, 3K91, 3KH3, 3KH4, 3LTV, 3QQD, 3RE0, 3T5W, 4A7G, 4A7Q, 4A7S, 4A7T, 4A7U, 4A7V, 4B3E, 4BCY, 4BCZ, 4BD4, 4FF9, 4MCM, 4MCN, 4NIN, 4NIP, 4OH2, 4XCR664720655ENSG00000142168ENSMUSG00000022982P00441P08228NM_000454NM_011434NP_000445NP_035564Superoxide dismutase also known as superoxide dismutase 1 or SOD1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOD1 gene, located on chromosome 21. SOD1 is one of three human superoxide dismutases. It is implicated in apoptosis and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.1azv: FAMILIAL ALS MUTANT G37R CUZNSOD (HUMAN)1ba9: THE SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF REDUCED MONOMERIC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE, NMR, 36 STRUCTURES1dsw: THE SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF A MONOMERIC, REDUCED FORM OF HUMAN COPPER, ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE BEARING THE SAME CHARGE AS THE NATIVE PROTEIN1fun: SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE MUTANT WITH LYS 136 REPLACED BY GLU, CYS 6 REPLACED BY ALA AND CYS 111 REPLACED BY SER (K136E, C6A, C111S)1hl4: THE STRUCTURE OF APO TYPE HUMAN CU, ZN SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE1hl5: THE STRUCTURE OF HOLO TYPE HUMAN CU, ZN SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE1kmg: The Solution Structure Of Monomeric Copper-free Superoxide Dismutase1l3n: The Solution Structure of Reduced Dimeric Copper Zinc SOD: the Structural Effects of Dimerization1mfm: MONOMERIC HUMAN SOD MUTANT F50E/G51E/E133Q AT ATOMIC RESOLUTION1n18: Thermostable mutant of Human Superoxide Dismutase, C6A, C111S1n19: Structure of the HSOD A4V mutant1oez: ZN HIS46ARG MUTANT OF HUMAN CU, ZN SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE1ozt: Crystal Structure of apo-H46R Familial ALS Mutant human Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase (CuZnSOD) to 2.5A resolution1ozu: Crystal Structure of Familial ALS Mutant S134N of human Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase (CuZnSOD) to 1.3A resolution1p1v: Crystal Structure of FALS-associated human Copper-Zinc Superoxide Dismutase (CuZnSOD) Mutant D125H to 1.4A1ptz: Crystal structure of the human CU, Zn Superoxide Dismutase, Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (FALS) Mutant H43R1pu0: Structure of Human Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase1rk7: Solution structure of apo Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase: role of metal ions in protein folding1sos: ATOMIC STRUCTURES OF WILD-TYPE AND THERMOSTABLE MUTANT RECOMBINANT HUMAN CU, ZN SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE1spd: AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS AND STRUCTURAL DEFECTS IN CU,ZN SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE1uxl: I113T MUTANT OF HUMAN SOD11uxm: A4V MUTANT OF HUMAN SOD12af2: Solution structure of disulfide reduced and copper depleted Human Superoxide Dismutase2c9s: 1.24 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION STRUCTURE OF ZN-ZN HUMAN SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE2c9u: 1.24 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION STRUCTURE OF AS-ISOLATED CU-ZN HUMAN SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE2c9v: ATOMIC RESOLUTION STRUCTURE OF CU-ZN HUMAN SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE2gbt: C6A/C111A CuZn Superoxide dismutase2gbu: C6A/C111A/C57A/C146A apo CuZn Superoxide dismutase2gbv: C6A/C111A/C57A/C146A holo CuZn Superoxide dismutase2nnx: Crystal Structure of the H46R, H48Q double mutant of human Superoxide Dismutase Superoxide dismutase also known as superoxide dismutase 1 or SOD1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the SOD1 gene, located on chromosome 21. SOD1 is one of three human superoxide dismutases. It is implicated in apoptosis and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. SOD1 is a 32 kDa homodimer which forms a β-barrel and contains an intramolecular disulfide bond and a binuclear Cu/Zn site in each subunit. This Cu/Zn site holds the copper and a zinc ion and is responsible for catalyzing the disproportionation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and dioxygen. The maturation process of this protein is complex and not fully understood, involving the selective binding of copper and zinc ions, formation of the intra-subunit disulfide bond between Cys-57 and Cys-146, and dimerization of the two subunits. The copper chaperone for Sod1 (CCS) facilitates copper insertion and disulfide oxidation. Though SOD1 is synthesized in the cytosol and can mature there, the fraction of expressed, and still immature, SOD1 targeted to the mitochondria must be inserted into the intermembrane space. There, it forms the disulfide bond, though not metalation, required for its maturation. The mature protein is highly stable, but unstable when in its metal-free and disulfide-reduced forms. This manifests in vitro, as the loss of metal ions results in increased SOD1 aggregation, and in disease models, where low metalation is observed for insoluble SOD1. Moreover, the surface-exposed reduced cysteines could participate in disulfide crosslinking and, thus, aggregation. SOD1 binds copper and zinc ions and is one of three superoxide dismutases responsible for destroying free superoxide radicals in the body. The encoded isozyme is a soluble cytoplasmic and mitochondrial intermembrane space protein, acting as a homodimer to convert naturally occurring, but harmful, superoxide radicals to molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide can then be broken down by another enzyme called catalase. SOD1 has been postulated to localize to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), where superoxide anions would be generated, or the intermembrane space. The exact mechanisms for its localization remains unknown, but its aggregation to the OMM has been attributed to its association with BCL-2. Wildtype SOD1 has demonstrated antiapoptotic properties in neural cultures, while mutant SOD1 has been observed to promote apoptosis in spinal cord mitochondria, but not in liver mitochondria, though it is equally expressed in both. Two models suggest SOD1 inhibits apoptosis by interacting with BCL-2 proteins or the mitochondria itself. Most notably, SOD1 is pivotal in reactive oxygen species (ROS) release during oxidative stress by ischemia-reperfusion injury, specifically in the myocardium as part of a heart attack (also known as ischemic heart disease). Ischemic heart disease, which results from an occlusion of one of the major coronary arteries, is currently still the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in western society. During ischemia reperfusion, ROS release substantially contribute to the cell damage and death via a direct effect on the cell as well as via apoptotic signals. SOD1 is known to have a capacity to limit the detrimental effects of ROS. As such, SOD1 is important for its cardioprotective effects. In addition, SOD1 has been implicated in cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury, such as during ischemic preconditioning of the heart. Although a large burst of ROS is known to lead to cell damage, a moderate release of ROS from the mitochondria, which occurs during nonlethal short episodes of ischemia, can play a significant triggering role in the signal transduction pathways of ischemic preconditioning leading to reduction of cell damage. It has even observed that during this release of ROS, SOD1 plays an important role hereby regulating apoptotic signaling and cell death. In one study, deletions in the gene were reported in two familial cases of keratoconus. Mice lacking SOD1 have increased age-related muscle mass loss (sarcopenia), early development of cataracts, macular degeneration, thymic involution, hepatocellular carcinoma, and shortened lifespan. Research suggests that increased SOD1 levels could be a biomarker for chronic heavy metal toxicity in women with long-term dental amalgam fillings. Mutations (over 150 identified to date) in this gene have been linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, several pieces of evidence also show that wild-type SOD1, under conditions of cellular stress, is implicated in a significant fraction of sporadic ALS cases, which represent 90% of ALS patients.The most frequent mutation are A4V (in the U.S.A.) and H46R (Japan). In Iceland only SOD1-G93S has been found. The most studied ALS mouse model is G93A. Rare transcript variants have been reported for this gene. Virtually all known ALS-causing SOD1 mutations act in a dominant fashion; a single mutant copy of the SOD1 gene is sufficient to cause the disease. The exact molecular mechanism (or mechanisms) by which SOD1 mutations cause disease are unknown. It appears to be some sort of toxic gain of function, as many disease-associated SOD1 mutants (including G93A and A4V) retain enzymatic activity and Sod1 knockout mice do not develop ALS (although they do exhibit a strong age-dependent distal motor neuropathy). ALS is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective loss of motor neurons causing muscle atrophy. The DNA oxidation product 8-OHdG is a well-established marker of oxidative DNA damage. 8-OHdG accumulates in the mitochondria of spinal motor neurons of persons with ALS. In transgenic ALS mice harboring a mutant SOD1 gene, 8-OHdG also accumulates in mitochondrial DNA of spinal motor neurons. These findings suggest that oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA of motor neurons due to altered SOD1 may be significant factor in the etiology of ALS.