Lactobacillus mucosae

Lactobacillus mucosae is a rod shaped species of lactic acid bacteria first isolated from pig intestines. It has mucus-binding activity. The species is an obligate anaerobe, catalase-negative, doesn't form spores and is non-motile. Its type strain is S32T, and has been found to be most closely related to Lactobacillus reuteri. Lactobacillus mucosae was unexpectedly discovered by researchers from the Department of Microbiology at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences while trying to isolate new strains of Lactobacillus reuteri from the intestines of pigs. The experiment in which the organism was isolated used a gene probe derived from a cell-surface protein believed to aid in mucus-binding activity. The gene that encodes for this protein is referred to as the Mub gene, and the purpose of the experiment was to link the presence of the Mub gene with mucus-binding activity. The name Lactobacillus mucosae is derived from the Latin terms lacto, bacillus, and mūcōsus, meaning 'slimy milk-bacteria'. The species name mucosae refers to the mucus binding colonization factor gene mub found in L. mucosae and the related Lactobacillus reuteri. There are over 60 Lactobacillus species known, many of which have been isolated from animal gastrointestinal tracts. Examples of other Lactobacilli isolated from pig intestines include L. fermentum, L. acidophilus, and L. reuteri. Lactobacillus mucosae is an obligate anaerobe; the ideal growth conditions include the absence of oxygen, but there is still weak growth present with oxygen. This organism is Gram-positive, non-motile, non-sporeforming, catalase-negative rods that range from 2-4 µm in length. The cells can be observed singly, in pairs, or in short chains. The cell wall contains Orn-D-Asp type peptidoglycan which is indicated by the presence of ornithine and aspartic acid. The optimum temperature for growth would be that found in the intestines of a healthy pig, about 37 °C. The cells are obligate heterofermentators and can produce D- and L-lactic acid utilizing glucose, ribose, maltose, and saccharose as carbon sources. Many Lactobacillus species, including L. mucosae, have a gene that codes for a cell surface mucus binding protein known as mub. This protein binds to components in pig intestinal mucus. This adhesion protein is required for the bacteria to survive in an open flow environment like the gastrointestinal tract. There are several strains of L. mucosae that have been isolated. Of these strains, only one genome has been completely characterized; Lactobacillus mucosae LM1. Lactobacillus mucosae LM1 was isolated from the feces of healthy piglets. This stain was found to have 2,213,697 base pairs, a G+C content of 45.87%, 2,039 protein-coding genes, and 56 tRNA-encoding genes. Of these genes 64.6% have been assigned functions, 8.7% of which were found to be unique to this particular strain. Using 16S rRNA, L. mucosae strains S14 and S32T sequences have been completely characterized based on genotypic traits, and partially determined for strains 1028, 1031, and 1035, isolated in 1987, and previously unclassified strains S5, S15, and S17 are also partially sequenced. Analysis of the 5' and 3' ends of the genes revealed that all isolates were members of the same species. Molecular GC-content, Cell wall analysis, and DNA-DNA hybridization also indicated that these strains were members of a new species and not L. reuteri.