Rotation number

In mathematics, the rotation number is an invariant of homeomorphisms of the circle. In mathematics, the rotation number is an invariant of homeomorphisms of the circle. It was first defined by Henri Poincaré in 1885, in relation to the precession of the perihelion of a planetary orbit. Poincaré later proved a theorem characterizing the existence of periodic orbits in terms of rationality of the rotation number. Suppose that f: S1 → S1 is an orientation preserving homeomorphism of the circle S1 = R/Z. Then f may be lifted to a homeomorphism F: R → R of the real line, satisfying for every real number x and every integer m. The rotation number of f is defined in terms of the iterates of F: Henri Poincaré proved that the limit exists and is independent of the choice of the starting point x. The lift F is unique modulo integers, therefore the rotation number is a well-defined element of R/Z. Intuitively, it measures the average rotation angle along the orbits of f. If f is a rotation by 2πθ (where 0≤θ<2π), then then its rotation number is θ (cf Irrational rotation). The rotation number is invariant under topological conjugacy, and even topological semiconjugacy: if f and g are two homeomorphisms of the circle and