Joule heating

Joule heating, also known as Ohmic heating and resistive heating, is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor produces heat.An incandescent light bulb's filament emitting lightInfrared-thermal image of a light bulbBulb filament magnified by scanning electron microscope30 kW resistance heating coilsElectric radiative space heaterSmall domestic immersion heater, 500 WFolded tubular heating element from espresso machineLaboratory water bath used for reactions at warm temperaturesElectric tabletop hotplateLaboratory hot plate used for reactions at high temperaturesClothes iron used to remove wrinkles from clothesSoldering iron, used to melt solder in electronic workPortable fan heater, used to heat a roomHair dryer, produces hot air flowCartridge heater glowing red-hotFlexible PTC heater made of conductive rubber Joule heating, also known as Ohmic heating and resistive heating, is the process by which the passage of an electric current through a conductor produces heat. Joule's first law, also known as the Joule–Lenz law, states that the power of heating generated by an electrical conductor is proportional to the product of its resistance and the square of the current: Joule heating affects the whole electric conductor, unlike the Peltier effect which transfers heat from one electrical junction to another. James Prescott Joule first published in December 1840, an abstract in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, suggesting that heat could be generated by an electrical current. Joule immersed a length of wire in a fixed mass of water and measured the temperature rise due to a known current flowing through the wire for a 30 minute period. By varying the current and the length of the wire he deduced that the heat produced was proportional to the square of the current multiplied by the electrical resistance of the immersed wire. In 1841 and 1842, subsequent experiments showed that the amount of heat generated was proportional to the chemical energy used in the voltaic pile that generated the current. This led Joule to reject the caloric theory (at that time the dominant theory) in favor of the mechanical theory of heat (according to which heat is another form of energy). Resistive heating was independently studied by Heinrich Lenz in 1842. The SI unit of energy was subsequently named the joule and given the symbol J. The commonly known unit of power, the watt, is equivalent to one joule per second. Joule heating is caused by interactions between charge carriers (usually electrons) and the body of the conductor (usually atomic ions). A voltage difference between two points of a conductor creates an electric field that accelerates charge carriers in the direction of the electric field, giving them kinetic energy. When the charged particles collide with ions in the conductor, the particles are scattered; their direction of motion becomes random rather than aligned with the electric field, which constitutes thermal motion. Thus, energy from the electrical field is converted into thermal energy.