Crithidia fasciculata

Crithidia fasciculata is a species of parasitic excavates. C. fasciculata, like other species of Crithidia have a single host life cycle with insect host, in the case of C. fasciculata this is the mosquito. C. fasciculata have low host species specificity and can infect many species of mosquito. C. fasciculata is found in two morphologically different life cycle stages - the free swimming choanomastigote form, which has a long external flagellum for motility, and the attached, immotile, amastigote form in the mosquito gut. Amastigotes excreted in the faeces contaminate the mosquito habitat; contamination of flowers during nectar feeding is common. Transmission of C fasciculata primarily occurs when amastigotes, washed into standing water, are ingested by mosquito larvae. The amastigotes are typically found in the rectum of a larva. Each molt of the larva results in loss of infection, but it is generally quickly re-acquired from the environment by ingestion of more amastigotes. When the fourth instar larva pupates the amastigote infection is maintained in the gut through metamorphosis giving rise to an infected adult mosquito. C. fasciculata is an example of a non-human infective trypanosomatid and is related to several human parasites, including Trypanosoma brucei (which causes African trypanosomiasis) and Leishmania spp. (which cause Leishmaniasis). C. fasciculata parasitizes several species of insects and has been widely used to test new therapeutic strategies against parasitic infections. C. fasciculata is often used as a model organism in research into trypanosomatid biology that may then be applied to understanding the biology of the human infective species. As is typical of the trypanosomatids, but unlike many other protists, C. fasciculata possess one mitochondrion. The mitochondrial DNA is found in a single structure, the kinetoplast, at the base of the single flagellum. As is common with parasitic species C. fasciculata requires a high nutrient content broth (including heme and folic acid) in which to grow under laboratory conditions. Oliver Wilford Olsen (1986). Animal parasites: their life cycles and ecology. Mineola, N.Y: Dover. ISBN 0-486-65126-6. Awadelkariem, FM; Hunter, KJ; Kirby, GC; Warhurst, DC (February 1995). 'Crithidia fasciculata as Feeder Cells for Malaria Parasites'. Experimental Parasitology. 80 (1): 98–106. doi:10.1006/expr.1995.1011.Rojas, Robert (June 4, 2014). 'The Effect of Tunicamycin on the Glucose Uptake, Growth, and Cellular Adhesion in the Protozoan Parasite Crithidia fasciculata'. Current Microbiology. 69 (4): 541–548. doi:10.1007/s00284-014-0620-x. PMID 24894907. Alcolea, Peter J.; Alonso, Ana; Garcia-Tabares, Francisco; Toraño, Alfredo; Larraga, Vicente (December 2014). 'An Insight into the Proteome of Crithidia fasciculata Choanomastigotes as a Comparative Approach to Axenic Growth, Peanut Lectin Agglutination and Differentiation of Leishmania spp. Promastigotes'. PLOS ONE. 9 (12): 26. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113837. PMC 4263474. PMID 25503511.