Negative-calorie food

A negative-calorie food is food that supposedly requires more food energy to be digested than the food provides. Its thermic effect or specific dynamic action—the caloric 'cost' of digesting the food—would be greater than its food energy content. Despite its recurring popularity in dieting guides, there is no scientific evidence supporting the idea that any food is calorically negative. While some chilled beverages are calorically negative, the effect is minimal and drinking large amounts of water can be dangerous. A negative-calorie food is food that supposedly requires more food energy to be digested than the food provides. Its thermic effect or specific dynamic action—the caloric 'cost' of digesting the food—would be greater than its food energy content. Despite its recurring popularity in dieting guides, there is no scientific evidence supporting the idea that any food is calorically negative. While some chilled beverages are calorically negative, the effect is minimal and drinking large amounts of water can be dangerous. There is no scientific evidence to show that any of these foods have a negative calorific impact. Foods claimed to be negative in calories are mostly low-calorie fruits and vegetables such as celery, grapefruit, lemon, lime, apple, lettuce, broccoli, and cabbage. However, celery has a thermic effect of around 8%, much less than the 100% or more required for a food to have 'negative calories'. Diets based on negative-calorie food do not work as advertised but can lead to weight loss because they satisfy hunger by filling the stomach with food that is not calorically dense. A 2005 study based on a low-fat plant-based diet found that the average participant lost 13 pounds (5.9 kg) over fourteen weeks, and attributed the weight loss to the reduced energy density of the foods resulting from their low fat content and high fiber content, and the increased thermic effect. Nevertheless, these diets are not 'negative-calorie' since they bear energy. Another study in 2014 (Rezaeipour et al, Turk J Med Sci. 2014;44(5):792-8) demonstrated that negative-calorie diets (NCDs) have the same efficacy to low-calorie diets (LCDs)in inducing weight loss, when both of these diets are combined with exercise. Chewing requires energy, so chewing gum was speculated as 'negative-calorie food'. 'A study on chewing gum reports mastication burns roughly 11 kcal (46 kJ) per hour. 1 stick of Wrigley Spearmint Gum contains around 10 kcal, which requires chewing the same gum for 1 or more hours to reach 'negative-calorie'.