Myocardial bridging

A myocardial bridge occurs when one of the coronary arteries tunnels through the myocardium rather than resting on top of it. Typically, the arteries rest on top of the heart muscle and feed blood down into smaller vessels that populate throughout the myocardium. However, if the muscle grows around one of the larger arteries, then a myocardial bridge is formed. As the heart squeezes to pump blood, the muscle exerts pressure across the bridge and constricts the artery. This defect is present from birth. Though affected individuals may never exhibit symptoms, clinical manifestations include asymptomatic anomaly, angina, myocardial infarction, to sudden cardiac death. The incidence of the condition in the general population is estimated at 5% based on autopsy findings, but significance when found in association with other cardiac conditions is unknown. A myocardial bridge occurs when one of the coronary arteries tunnels through the myocardium rather than resting on top of it. Typically, the arteries rest on top of the heart muscle and feed blood down into smaller vessels that populate throughout the myocardium. However, if the muscle grows around one of the larger arteries, then a myocardial bridge is formed. As the heart squeezes to pump blood, the muscle exerts pressure across the bridge and constricts the artery. This defect is present from birth. Though affected individuals may never exhibit symptoms, clinical manifestations include asymptomatic anomaly, angina, myocardial infarction, to sudden cardiac death. The incidence of the condition in the general population is estimated at 5% based on autopsy findings, but significance when found in association with other cardiac conditions is unknown. The condition is diagnosed on a scale based on what percentage of obstruction occurs. If there is less than 50% blockage, then the condition is probably benign. Blockage over 70% usually causes some pain. Small amounts of myocardial bridging often are undetectable, as the blood usually flows through the coronary while the heart is relaxing in diastole. This condition can cause complications such as vasospasm, angina pectoris, arrhythmia, ventricular tachycardia. Additionally many patients express discomfort in specific positions, (i.e. lying on the left side for a prolonged period of time). Surgery for symptomatic myocardial bridge of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) may include myotomy, coronary artery bypass surgery, or both.Procedure selection is based on the size of the underlying artery during diastole, the presence of concomitant proximal coronary artery disease, and the presence of anatomic factors that would increase the risk of myotomy. Surgical strategy for the management should be customized, and the treatmentof choice is myotomy but bypass surgery can be addedwhen there is proximal coronary obstruction or anatomicanomalies that increase the risk of recurrence of theobstruction.