Compulsive buying

Compulsive buying disorder (CBD), or oniomania (from Greek ὤνιος ṓnios 'for sale' and μανία manía 'insanity'), is characterized by an obsession with shopping and buying behavior that causes adverse consequences. According to Kellett and Bolton, compulsive buying 'is experienced as an irresistible–uncontrollable urge, resulting in excessive, expensive and time-consuming retail activity typically prompted by negative affectivity' and results in 'gross social, personal and/or financial difficulties'. Most people with CBD meet the criteria for a personality disorder. Compulsive shopping is classified by ICD-10 (F63.8) as an 'impulse control disorder, not otherwise classified.' Several authors consider compulsive shopping rather as a variety of dependence disorder. Compulsive buying disorder (CBD), or oniomania (from Greek ὤνιος ṓnios 'for sale' and μανία manía 'insanity'), is characterized by an obsession with shopping and buying behavior that causes adverse consequences. According to Kellett and Bolton, compulsive buying 'is experienced as an irresistible–uncontrollable urge, resulting in excessive, expensive and time-consuming retail activity typically prompted by negative affectivity' and results in 'gross social, personal and/or financial difficulties'. Most people with CBD meet the criteria for a personality disorder. Compulsive shopping is classified by ICD-10 (F63.8) as an 'impulse control disorder, not otherwise classified.' Several authors consider compulsive shopping rather as a variety of dependence disorder. Emil Kraepelin originally described oniomania 1924, and he and Bleuler both included the syndrome in their influential early psychiatric textbooks. However, little interest was taken in CBD until the 1990s, and, even in the 21st century, compulsive shopping can be considered a barely recognised mental illness. CBD is frequently comorbid with mood, anxiety, substance abuse and eating disorders. People who score highly on compulsive buying scales tend to understand their feelings poorly and have low tolerance for unpleasant psychological states such as negative moods. Onset of CBD occurs in the late teens and early twenties and is generally chronic.Compulsive buying disorder usually mainly affected young people as several reports put in that most interviewees reported to be in the range of 17.5-19 years. The phenomenon of compulsive buying tends to affect women rather than men. The aforementioned reports on this matter indicated that the dominance of the majority group is so great that it accounts for about more than 90% of the affected demographic. Zadka and Olajossy, suggest the presence of several similar tendencies between consumer type mannerism and pathologic consumption of psychoactive elements.These tendencies include a constant need to consume,personal dependence and an affinity to lack of sense of control over self-behavior.Additionally, Zadka and Olajossy stated that one could conclude that individuals ailing from this disorder are often in the second decade to fourth decade of their lives and exhibit mannerisms akin to neurotic personality and impulse control disorders. CBD is similar to, but distinguished from, OCD hoarding and mania. Compulsive buying is not limited to people who spend beyond their means; it also includes people who spend an inordinate amount of time shopping or who chronically think about buying things but never purchase them. Promising treatments for CBD include medication such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and support groups such as Debtors Anonymous. Research revealed that 1.8 to 8.1 percent of the general adult population have CBD and that while the usual onset is late adolescence or early adulthood, it is often recognized as a problem later in life. Compulsive Buying Disorder is tightly associated with excessive or poorly managed urges related to the purchase of the items and spending of currency in any form; digital, mobile, credit or cash. Hague, B., Hall, J., & Kellett, S. (2016). Treatments for compulsive buying: A systematic review of the quality, effectiveness and progression of the outcome evidence. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(3), 379-394. doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.064 The terms compulsive shopping, compulsive buying, and compulsive spending are often used interchangeably, but the behaviors they represent are in fact distinct. (Nataraajan and Goff 1992) One may buy without shopping, and certainly shop without buying: of compulsive shoppers, some 30 percent described the act of buying itself as providing a buzz, irrespective of the goods purchased. CBD often has roots in early experience. Perfectionism, general impulsiveness and compulsiveness, dishonesty, insecurity, and the need to gain control have also been linked to the disorder. From a medical perspective, it can be concluded that impulsive control disorder is attributed to the yearning of positive stimulus.The normal method of operation in a healthy brain is that the frontal cortex regulation handles the activity of rewarding. However, in individual with behavior disorders, this particular system malfunctions . Scientists reported compulsive buyers have significant changeable activity in this area of the brain. Compulsive buying seems to represent a search for self in people whose identity is neither firmly felt nor dependable, as indicated by the way purchases often provide social or personal identity-markers. Those with associated disorders such as anxiety, depression and poor impulse control are particularly likely to be attempting to treat symptoms of low self-esteem through compulsive shopping.