Scapholunate dissociation

The scapholunate ligament is a ligament of the wrist.Static scapholunate dissociationDynamic instability: Increased scapholunate distance (between yellow lines) upon ulnar deviation of the wrist, but not otherwise.Dynamic scapholunate instability visible upon clenching the wristScapholunate ligament disruption associated with a colles fracture The scapholunate ligament is a ligament of the wrist. Rupture of the scapholunate ligament causes scapholunate instability, which, if untreated, will eventually cause a predictable pattern of wrist osteoarthritis called scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC). The scapholunate ligament is an intraarticular ligament binding the scaphoid and lunate bones of the wrist together. It is divided into three areas, dorsal, proximal and palmar, with the dorsal segment being the strongest part. It is the main stabilizer of the scaphoid. In contrast to the scapholunate ligament, the lunotriquetral ligament is more prominent on the palmar side. Complete rupture of this ligament leads to wrist instability. The main type of such instability is dorsal intercalated segment instability deformity (DISI), where the lunate angulates to the posterior side of the hand. A dynamic scapholunate instability is where the scapholunate ligament is completely ruptured, but secondary scaphoid stabilizers are still preserved. These are the scaphotrapezial (ST), scaphocapitate (SC) and radioscaphocapitate (RSC) ligaments. In a static instability, on the other hand, other ligaments are ruptured as well. The Watson's test may be used in diagnosis. Xray indicates scapholunate ligament instability when the scapholunate distance is more than 3 mm, which is called scapholunate dissociation. A static instability is generally readily visible, but a dynamic scapholunate instability can only be seen radiographically in certain wrist positions or under certain loading conditions, such as when clenching the wrist, or loading the wrist in ulnar deviation. In order to diagnose a SLAC wrist you need a posterior anterior (PA) view X-ray, a lateral view X-ray and a fist view X-ray. The fist X-ray is often made if there is no convincing Terry Thomas sign. A fist X-ray of a scapholunate ligament rupture will show a descending capitate. Making a fist will give pressure at the capitate, which will descend if there is a rupture in the scapholunate ligament. Treatment will vary depending upon the degree of injury and can range from observation, through to surgical reconstruction of the wrist.