Osiris

Osiris (/oʊˈsaɪrɪs/, from Egyptian wsjr, Coptic .mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:'New Athena Unicode','MPH 2B Damase','FreeSerif','Arial Coptic',Quivira,Analecta,Antinoou,'Sophia Nubian','Noto Sans Coptic','Segoe UI Historic','Segoe UI Symbol'}ⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲉ) is the god of fertility, alcohol, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation in ancient Egyptian religion. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned deity with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive atef crown, and holding a symbolic crook and flail. He was one of the first to be associated with the mummy wrap. When his brother, Set, cut him up into pieces after killing him, Isis, his wife, found all the pieces and wrapped his body up. Osiris was at times considered the eldest son of the god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, as well as being brother and husband of Isis, with Horus being considered his posthumously begotten son. He was also associated with the epithet Khenti-Amentiu, meaning 'Foremost of the Westerners', a reference to his kingship in the land of the dead. As ruler of the dead, Osiris was also sometimes called 'king of the living': ancient Egyptians considered the blessed dead 'the living ones'. Through syncretism with Iah, he is also the god of the Moon.B Osiris (/oʊˈsaɪrɪs/, from Egyptian wsjr, Coptic .mw-parser-output .script-coptic{font-family:'New Athena Unicode','MPH 2B Damase','FreeSerif','Arial Coptic',Quivira,Analecta,Antinoou,'Sophia Nubian','Noto Sans Coptic','Segoe UI Historic','Segoe UI Symbol'}ⲟⲩⲥⲓⲣⲉ) is the god of fertility, alcohol, agriculture, the afterlife, the dead, resurrection, life, and vegetation in ancient Egyptian religion. He was classically depicted as a green-skinned deity with a pharaoh's beard, partially mummy-wrapped at the legs, wearing a distinctive atef crown, and holding a symbolic crook and flail. He was one of the first to be associated with the mummy wrap. When his brother, Set, cut him up into pieces after killing him, Isis, his wife, found all the pieces and wrapped his body up. Osiris was at times considered the eldest son of the god Geb and the sky goddess Nut, as well as being brother and husband of Isis, with Horus being considered his posthumously begotten son. He was also associated with the epithet Khenti-Amentiu, meaning 'Foremost of the Westerners', a reference to his kingship in the land of the dead. As ruler of the dead, Osiris was also sometimes called 'king of the living': ancient Egyptians considered the blessed dead 'the living ones'. Through syncretism with Iah, he is also the god of the Moon. Osiris was considered the brother of Isis, Set, Nephthys, and Horus the Elder, and father of Horus the Younger. The first evidence of the worship of Osiris was found in the middle of the Fifth dynasty of Egypt (25th century BC), although it is likely that he was worshiped much earlier; the Khenti-Amentiu epithet dates to at least the first dynasty, and was also used as a pharaonic title. Most information available on the myths of Osiris is derived from allusions contained in the Pyramid Texts at the end of the Fifth Dynasty, later New Kingdom source documents such as the Shabaka Stone and the Contending of Horus and Seth, and much later, in narrative style from the writings of Greek authors including Plutarch and Diodorus Siculus. Osiris was the judge of the dead and the underworld agency that granted all life, including sprouting vegetation and the fertile flooding of the Nile River. He was described as 'He Who is Permanently Benign and Youthful' and the 'Lord of Silence'. The Kings of Egypt were associated with Osiris in death – as Osiris rose from the dead so they would be in union with him, and inherit eternal life through a process of imitative magic. Through the hope of new life after death, Osiris began to be associated with the cycles observed in nature, in particular vegetation and the annual flooding of the Nile, through his links with the heliacal rising of Orion and Sirius at the start of the new year. Osiris was widely worshipped until the decline of ancient Egyptian religion during the rise of Christianity in the Roman Empire. Osiris is a Latin transliteration of the Ancient Greek Ὄσιρις IPA: , which in turn is the Greek adaptation of the original name in the Egyptian language. In Egyptian hieroglyphs the name appears as wsjr, which some Egyptologists instead choose to transliterate ꜣsjr or jsjrj. Since hieroglyphic writing lacks vowels, Egyptologists have vocalized the name in various ways, such as Asar, Ausar, Ausir, Wesir, Usir, or Usire. Several proposals have been made for the etymology and meaning of the original name; as Egyptologist Mark J. Smith notes, none are fully convincing. Most take wsjr as the accepted transliteration, following Adolf Erman: