Lost Generation

The Lost Generation is the generation that came of age during World War I. 'Lost' in this context also means 'disoriented, wandering, directionless'—a recognition that there was great confusion and aimlessness among the war's survivors in the early post-war years.' The term is particularly used to refer to a group of artists, and particularly American expatriate writers, living in Paris during the 1920s. Gertrude Stein is credited with coining the term; it was subsequently popularized by Ernest Hemingway who used it in the epigraph for his 1926 novel The Sun Also Rises: 'You are all a lost generation.' The generation is described as the cohort born between 1883 and 1900. Since the death of Nabi Tajima (4 August 1900 – 21 April 2018), this generation is extinct. In his memoir A Moveable Feast (1964), published after Hemingway's and Stein's deaths, Hemingway writes that Stein heard the phrase from a French garage owner who serviced Stein's car. When a young mechanic failed to repair the car quickly enough, the garage owner shouted at the young man, 'You are all a 'génération perdue.':29 While telling Hemingway the story, Stein added: 'That is what you are. That's what you all are ... all of you young people who served in the war. You are a lost generation.':29 Hemingway thus credits the phrase to Stein, who was then his mentor and patron. The 1926 publication of Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises popularized the term; the novel serves to epitomize the post-war expatriate generation.:302 However, Hemingway later wrote to his editor Max Perkins that the 'point of the book' was not so much about a generation being lost, but that 'the earth abideth forever.':82 Hemingway believed the characters in The Sun Also Rises may have been 'battered' but were not lost.:82 Consistent with this ambivalence, Hemingway employs 'Lost Generation' as one of two contrasting epigraphs for his novel. In A Moveable Feast, Hemingway writes, 'I tried to balance Miss Stein's quotation from the garage owner with one from Ecclesiastes.' A few lines later, recalling the risks and losses of the war, he adds: 'I thought of Miss Stein and Sherwood Anderson and egotism and mental laziness versus discipline and I thought 'who is calling who a lost generation?'':29–30 The writings of the Lost Generation literary figures tended to have common themes. These themes mostly pertained to the writers' experiences in World War I and the years following it. It is said that the work of these writers was autobiographical based on their use of mythologized versions of their lives. One of the themes that commonly appears in the authors' works is decadence and the frivolous lifestyle of the wealthy. Both Hemingway and Fitzgerald touched on this theme throughout the novels The Sun Also Rises and The Great Gatsby. Another theme commonly found in the works of these authors was the death of the American dream, which is exhibited throughout many of their novels. It is particularly prominent in The Great Gatsby, in which the character Nick Carraway comes to realize the corruption that surrounds him. The term is also used in a broader context for the generation of young people who came of age during and shortly after World War I. Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe define the Lost Generation as the cohort born from 1883 to 1900, who came of age during World War I and the Roaring Twenties. In Europe, they are mostly known as the 'Generation of 1914', for the year World War I began. In France, the country in which many expatriates settled, they were sometimes called the Génération du feu, the '(gun)fire generation'. In Great Britain, the term was originally used for those who died in the war, and often implicitly referred to upper-class casualties who were perceived to have died disproportionately, robbing the country of a future elite. Many felt that 'the flower of youth and the best manhood of the peoples been mowed down,' for example such notable casualties as the poets Isaac Rosenberg, Rupert Brooke, Edward Thomas and Wilfred Owen, composer George Butterworth and physicist Henry Moseley. Members of the Lost Generation include F. Scott Fitzgerald, Gertrude Stein, Ernest Hemingway, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Jean Rhys and Sylvia Beach.