Topological ring

In mathematics, a topological ring is a ring R which is also a topological space such that both the addition and the multiplication are continuous as maps In mathematics, a topological ring is a ring R which is also a topological space such that both the addition and the multiplication are continuous as maps where R × R carries the product topology. That means R is an additive topological group and a multiplicative topological semigroup. The group of units R× of R is a topological group when endowed with the topology coming from the embedding of R× into the product R × R as (x,x−1). However, if the unit group is endowed with the subspace topology as a subspace of R, it may not be a topological group, because inversion on R× need not be continuous with respect to the subspace topology. An example of this situation is the adele ring of a global field; its unit group, called the idele group, is not a topological group in the subspace topology. If inversion on R× is continuous in the subspace topology of R then these two topologies on R× are the same. If one does not require a ring to have a unit, then one has to add the requirement of continuity of the additive inverse, or equivalently, to define the topological ring as a ring which is a topological group (for +) in which multiplication is continuous, too. Topological rings occur in mathematical analysis, for example as rings of continuous real-valued functions on some topological space (where the topology is given by pointwise convergence), or as rings of continuous linear operators on some normed vector space; all Banach algebras are topological rings. The rational, real, complex and p-adic numbers are also topological rings (even topological fields, see below) with their standard topologies. In the plane, split-complex numbers and dual numbers form alternative topological rings. See hypercomplex numbers for other low-dimensional examples. In algebra, the following construction is common: one starts with a commutative ring R containing an ideal I, and then considers the I-adic topology on R: a subset U of R is open if and only if for every x in U there exists a natural number n such that x + In ⊆ U. This turns R into a topological ring. The I-adic topology is Hausdorff if and only if the intersection of all powers of I is the zero ideal (0). The p-adic topology on the integers is an example of an I-adic topology (with I = (p)). Every topological ring is a topological group (with respect to addition) and hence a uniform space in a natural manner. One can thus ask whether a given topological ring R is complete. If it is not, then it can be completed: one can find an essentially unique complete topological ring S which contains R as a dense subring such that the given topology on R equals the subspace topology arising from S.The ring S can be constructed as a set of equivalence classes of Cauchy sequences in R. The rings of formal power series and the p-adic integers are most naturally defined as completions of certain topological rings carrying I-adic topologies.