Caulerpa

Caulerpa is a genus of seaweeds in the family Caulerpaceae (among the green algae). They are unusual because they consist of only one cell with many nuclei, making them among the biggest single cells in the world. A species in the Mediterranean can have a stolon more than 3 metres (9.8 ft) long, with up to 200 fronds. This species can be invasive from time to time. Referring to its thalli's crawling habit, the name means 'stem (that) creeps', from the Ancient Greek kaul- (καυλός, ‘stalk’) and erp- (ἕρπω, ‘to creep’). Some species (especially Caulerpa lentillifera and C. racemosa) are eaten under the names 'green caviar', or 'sea grapes' (海葡萄, umi-budō) in Okinawa. They have a peppery taste. Sea grapes are also eaten in Indonesian cuisine, sometimes fresh, and other times coated in sugar. In the Philippines, sea grapes are raised in the Catanduanes and Cebu provinces for domestic consumption in the Philippines as well as for export to Japan. Another species, Caulerpa taxifolia, has become an invasive species in the Mediterranean Sea, Australia and southern California (where it has since been eradicated). In U.S. waters, the Mediterranean strain of Caulerpa taxifolia is listed as a federal noxious weed, under the Plant Protection Act. The Aquatic Nuisance Species Taskforce has also created a National Management Plan for the Genus Caulerpa. The state of California also prohibits possession of nine different species of Caulerpa. It is thought that Caulerpa species have such invasive properties in these regions due to their capability to thrive in temperate waters, along with their freedom from natural predators. Most Caulerpa species evolved in tropical waters, where herbivores have immunity to toxic compounds within the alga. Temperate water herbivores have no natural immunity to these toxins, allowing Caulerpa to grow unchecked if introduced to temperate waters. C. racemosa has recently been found in waters around Crete, where it is thought to have contributed to a significant reduction in fisheries. The alga has invaded the area from the warmer waters of the Red Sea. C. cylindracea, which is native to Australia, has also become an invasive species in the Mediterranean.