This study aimed to investigate the sensory and motor innervation of "Taichong" (LR3) and "Ququan" (LR8) in the rat and provide an insight into the neural relationship between the different acupoints in the same meridian.The LR3 and LR8 were selected as the representative acupoints from the Liver Meridian and examined by using the techniques of regional anatomy and neural tract tracing in this study. For both acupoints, their local nerves were observed with regional anatomy, and their sensory and motor pathways were traced using neural tract tracing with single cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) and dual Alexa Fluor 594/488 conjugates with CTB (AF594/488-CTB).Using the regional anatomy, the branches of the deep peroneal nerve and saphenous nerve were separately found under the LR3 and LR8. Using single CTB, the sensory neurons, transganglionic axon terminals, and motor neurons associated with both LR3 and LR8 were demonstrated on the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), spinal dorsal horn, Clarke's nucleus, gracile nucleus, and spinal ventral horn corresponding to their own spinal segments and target regions, respectively. Using dual AF594/488-CTB tracing, it was shown that the sensory and motor neurons associated with LR3 were separated from that of LR8.This study demonstrates that LR3 and LR8 are innervated by different peripheral nerves, which originated from or terminated in their corresponding spinal segments and target regions independently through the sensory and motor pathways. These results provide an example for understanding the differential innervation between the different acupoints in the same meridian.
To provide a new method for investigating the histological characteristics of acupoints by obser-ving the microstructure of the lymphatic vessels in the skin tissue of "Taichong" (LR3) and "Yongquan" (KI1) regions.Six male SD rats were used in the present study. The skin tissue of LR3 and KI1 from the hind foot were taken following transcardial perfusion with 4% paraformaldehyde. The skin tissues were cut into sagittal sections with a freezing microtome and stained by fluorescent immunohistochemistry with lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), and phalloidin for displaying the lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, and blood vessels, separately. The samples were viewed and recorded using fluorescent microscope and laser scanning confocal microscope.In the skin tissue of LR3 and KI1 regions, the lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers, and blood vessels were labeled with LYVE-1, CGRP and phalloidin, respectively. The lymphatic capillaries were found to start from the enlarged blind end and distribute in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues with various forms, crisscrossing. Abundant blood capillaries at various thickness distributed around the lymphatic capillaries in a parallel or crossed pattern, intermingled with free nerve fibers.The lymphatic capillaries, blood capillaries and nerve fibers extensively distribute in the skin tissues of LR3 and KI1 regions in rats, suggesting an involvement of the immunomodulation in the effects of acupuncture in pathological conditions, despite being not limited to the acupoint regions in the distribution of lymphatic capillaries.目的：通过观察大鼠“太冲”“涌泉”穴皮肤组织中淋巴管的显微结构，探讨研究腧穴相关组织学特征的新方法。方法：将正常SD大鼠经4%多聚甲醛心脏灌流固定后，取下包含“太冲”和“涌泉”在内的5 mm×3 mm皮肤组织并进行后固定和脱水，用冰冻切片机制成30 μm厚的矢状或平展组织切片，再以淋巴管内皮透明质酸酶受体1(LYVE-1)、鬼笔环肽(phalloidin)和降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)对组织切片中的淋巴管、血管和神经纤维进行荧光免疫组织化学标记，最后使用荧光显微镜以及激光共聚焦显微镜对组织标本进行观察和记录。结果：在“太冲”和“涌泉”的皮肤组织中，标记的毛细淋巴管、毛细血管和神经纤维结构清晰，三者对比鲜明。其中毛细淋巴管起始于膨大的盲端，以多种形态分布在真皮和皮下组织，纵横交错；毛细淋巴管周围分布着大量粗细不等的毛细血管，与其伴行或交叉而过，在毛细淋巴管和毛细血管之间有游离的神经纤维分布。结论：本研究从组织学角度表明毛细淋巴管与周围的毛细血管和神经纤维一起广泛分布在“太冲”和“涌泉”的皮肤组织中。虽然毛细淋巴管的分布并不局限在穴区，但为以后进一步研究针灸可能通过穴区存在的毛细淋巴管来发挥免疫调节作用提供了组织结构依据。.
Microglia, the resident immune cells in the central nervous system, can monitor the microenvironment and actively respond to ischemic stroke and other brain injuries. In this procedure, microglia and neurons can cross-talk via transmembrane chemokine, Fractalkine (CX3CL1), to impact one another. We used a rat model of multifocal microinfarcts induced by the injection of fluorescent microspheres into the right common carotid artery and examined the morphological alteration of blood vessels, microglia, astrocytes, and neurons at 6 h, 1, 7, and 14 days after modeling, along with neurobehavioral tests and the staining of CX3CL1 in this study. Our results demonstrated that in the infarcted regions, astrocytes and microglia activated in response to neuronal degeneration and upregulation of cleaved caspase-3, which occurred concurrently with vascular alteration and higher expression of CX3CL1. We provided sequential histological data to shed light on the morphological changes after modeling, which would help in the identification of new targets and the choice of the ideal time window for therapeutic intervention in ischemic stroke.
Objective To investigate the method,principle,safety and effectiveness of Lichtenstein tension-free hernioplasty.Methods Relevant clinical information of 85 adult patients who suffered from inguinal hernia underwent Lichtenstein tension-free hernioplasty were studied.Results Duration of procedure 35～65min,in 3～48 months follow-up,there is no recurrence of herniation.Conclusion Lichtenstein tension-free hernioplasty is a simple and effective hernia repair procedure with minimal surgical damage and low recurrence rate.
Surgery is the best treatment for early and middle stage non-small cell lung cancer. The aim of this study is to summarize the experience of bronchial sleeve mortality lobectomy and carinal resection in the treatment of 92 patients with central lung cancer from January, 1996 to May, 2010.A total of 92 patients with central lung cancer underwent pulmonary resection. Carinal resection and reconstruction were performed in 14 patients, bronchial sleeve resection in 70 patients, and bronchial sleeve combined with pulmonary artery sleeve lobectomy in 8 patients.There was no operative mortality. The average operation time was 2 hours and 43 minutes. Postoperative complications such as pulmonary atelectasis occurred in 6.94% (7/92) of total group, and hoarseness in 4.35% (4/92). The 1, 3 and 5 year survival rates were 80.7%, 59.6% and 31.5%.Bronchial sleeve lobectomy and double sleeve lobectomy are capable of excising pulmonary tumor as much as possible while remaining healthy lung tissues. Carinal resection and reconstruction is helpful to extend the surgical indication, and increase the chance of successful resection.
High molecular weight biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) has been used as a highly sensitive neuroanatomical tracer for many decades. Since the quality of its labeling was affected by various factors, here, we provide a refined protocol for the application of high molecular weight BDA for studying optimal neural labeling in the central nervous system. After stereotactic injection of BDA into the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus in the rat through a delicate glass pipette, BDA was stained with fluorescent streptavidin-Alexa (AF) 594 and counterstained with fluorescent Nissl stain AF500/525. On the background of green Nissl staining, the red BDA labeling, including neuronal cell bodies and axonal terminals, was more distinctly demonstrated in the somatosensory cortex. Furthermore, double fluorescent staining for BDA and the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin (PV) was carried out to observe the correlation of BDA labeling and PV-positive interneurons in the cortical target, providing the opportunity to study the local neural circuits and their chemical characteristics. Thus, this refined method is not only suitable for visualizing high quality neural labeling with the high molecular weight BDA through reciprocal neural pathways between the thalamus and cerebral cortex, but also will permit the simultaneous demonstration of other neural markers with fluorescent histochemistry or immunochemistry.
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