With the proliferation of network systems, the boundaries between cyber and physical environments are blurring, leading to an increased risk of sophisticated cyber-attacks equipped with advanced technologies. In particular, as advancements in artificial intelligence through learning models have led to automated attacks and attack scenarios, countries are implementing cyber training and constructing training systems to respond to cyber security threats. This cyber training is based on existing cyber-attacks and conducted in virtual spaces similar to reality, generating network traffic through simulators and focusing on training for attack response and cyber resilience. However, the exponential increase in the number of network-based devices and the amount of network traffic they generate is leading to a gradual increase in threats to cyber security. In this study, we first investigated the existing port number-based network traffic classification technologies and payload-based network traffic classification technologies to identify their shortcomings in the current network environment. We then categorized existing studies into supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning to analyze the technology of classifying network traffic based on learning models as well as classification methods, procedures, performance standards, evaluation methods, quality of service/quality of experience, etc. Based on the analysis, we presented limitations for application to training networks according to the learning method and suggested recommendations for establishing future research directions. Therefore, refining learning model-based network traffic classification technology will contribute to the construction of automated cyber training grounds such as cyber-attack–defense scenarios, network traffic anomaly detection, and maximizing cumulative rewards.
One of the main hurdles in developing novel therapeutics for age-related disorders is the still limited understanding of both the biology of normal aging and the pathologic mechanisms of the diseases seen in old age. Brain aging and age-related brain disorders are characterized by slow progressive deterioration or death of neurons, and are influenced by age- and disease-specific neurotoxicity, and compensatory neuroprotective mechanisms that are important in cell survival. If the cellular defense and restorative mechanisms are compromised, the penetrance of neurotoxic factors becomes higher and cell survival less likely. Among the key regulatory factors that govern gene and protein networks and, consequently, influence neuronal health and function are small non-coding RNA molecules such as miRNAs. It is increasingly appreciated that even modest disturbances of these regulatory factors can have profound effects on cell survival in response to stress. We have identified a novel mechanism in neurons, mediated by miR-126, which regulates the effects of numerous neurotrophic and neuroprotective growth factors (GF). Specifically, we found that elevated levels of this miRNA are neurotoxic and increase the vulnerability of neurons to a variety of non-specific and disease-specific toxic factors, including Staurosporine (STS), Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated amyloid beta 1-42 oligomers (Aβ1-42), and 6-OHDA, which induces oxidative stress in dopamine (DA) neurons, thereby mimicking Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. Mechanistically, miR-126 targets a series of factors in PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways and small increases of this miRNA cause a downregulation of these signaling cascades, impairing the effects of neurotrophic and neuroprotective GF, such as IGF-1, NGF, BDNF, and soluble amyloid precursor protein α (sAPPα). In turn, inhibiting miR-126 enhances the actions of GF without disturbing normal neuronal cell function. Our data indicate that miR-126 may play a profound role in neuronal cell survival, at least in part by regulating GF/PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling. While its elevation is neurotoxic, its inhibition is neuroprotective, suggesting that targeting this miRNA may have therapeutic potential for neurological and age-related disorders. To experimentally address this concept, we have developed a therapeutic strategy using a nanotechnology approach to prevent disease onset in a mouse model of AD.
Cognitive Radio is promising technology to improve spectrum utilization. Routing in Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) is important because of efficient communication on the wireless multi-hop environment. In this paper, we present a reducing routing overhead method on CRNs. Simulation result show that, our proposed scheme achieves less routing overhead than route setup based flooding.
지니는 자바 기줄의 특성을 가장 잘 살린 홈네트워크 미들웨어이다. 하지만 지니를 기반으로 홈네트워크 서비스를 제대로 지원하기 위해서, 지니 시스템은 어려운 일련의 작업과 복잡한 관리를 필요로 한다. 본 논문에서 개발한 서비스 고리 시스템은 자동화 모듈을 포함하고 있는 서비스 제공자 컴포넌트와 룩업 서비스 컴포넌트이다. 본 자동화 모듈은 지니 시스템에서 필요한 라이브러리, 실행하고 있는 컴퓨터의 환경정보, 지니 서비스를 위한 클래스 파일 시스템 구성 정보의 탐색과 설정을 자동화하였다. 본 시스템은 지니 홈네트워크 실행환경의 자동화, 서비스 관리 구조의 단순화 및 서비스 실행의 시각화를 통해 서비스 관리자나 서비스 제공자에세 효율적인 서비스 관리 환경을 제공한다 . Jini is a promising HomeNetworking middleware of computing environment based on Java Technology. To support Homenetwork service based on Jini, Jini device requires a successive operation and complicated management. In this paper, our service management system is a service provider component and lookup service component including automation module. Our automatin module privide searching and setting function of a library, runtime environment and class file system cinfiguration information for Jini service. Our system can be accomplished by automation of runtime environment, simplification of service management structure, visualization of service execution.
Abstract The flux-weighted average cross sections of the 89 Y(γ, x n; x =1–4) 89− x Y reactions and the isomeric yield ratios of the 87m,g Y, 86m,g Y, and 85m,g Y radionuclides produced in these reactions with the bremsstrahlung end-point energies of 65, 70 and 75 MeV have been determined by an activation and off-line γ-ray spectrometric technique using the 100 MeV electron linac in Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Korea. The theoretical 89 Y(γ, x n; x =1–4) 89− x Y reactioncross sections for mono-energetic photonshave been calculated using the computer code TALYS 1.6. Then the flux-weighted theoretical values were obtaind to compare with the present data. The flux-weighted experimental and theoretical 89 Y(γ, x n; x =1–4) 89− x Y reaction cross sections increase very fast from the threshold values to a certain bremsstrahlung energy, wherethe other reaction channels open up. Thereafter it remains constant a while and then slowly decreases with the increase of cross sections for other reactions. Similarly, the isomeric yield ratios of 87m,g Y, 86m,g Y and 85m,g Y in the 89 Y(γ, x n; x =2–4) 89− x Y reactions from the present work and literature data show an increasing trend from their respective threshold values to a certain bremsstrahlung energy. After a certain point ofenergy, the isomeric yield ratios increase slowly with the bremsstrahlung energy. These observations indicate the role of excitation energy and its partitioning in different reaction channels.
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