Stressful stimuli can activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Clinically, it has been widely reported that stressful events are often accompanied by teeth clenching and bruxism, while mastication (chewing) can promote coping with stress. Trigeminal motoneurons in the trigeminal motor nucleus supplying the chewing muscles receive direct inputs from interneurons within the peritrigeminal premotor area (Peri5). Previous studies found that the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH) participates in trigeminal activities during stressful events. However, the neural pathway by which the stress-induced oral movements alleviate stress is largely unknown. We hypothesized that paraventricular-trigeminal circuits might be associated with the stress-induced chewing movements and anxiety levels. First, we observed the stress-coping effect of wood gnawing on stress-induced anxiety, with less anxiety-like behaviors seen in the open field test and elevated plus maze, as well as decreased corticosterone and blood glucose levels, in response to stress in mice. We then found that excitotoxic lesions of PVH reduced the effect of gnawing on stress, reflected in more anxiety-like behaviors; this emphasizes the importance of the PVH in stress responses. Anterograde, retrograde, transsynaptic, and nontranssynaptic tracing through central and peripheral injections confirmed monosynaptic projections from PVH to Peri5. We discovered that PVH receives proprioceptive sensory inputs from the jaw muscle and periodontal ligaments, as well as provides motor outputs via the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (Me5) and Peri5. Next, pathway-specific functional manipulation by chemogenetic inhibition was conducted to further explore the role of PVH-Peri5 monosynaptic projections. Remarkably, PVH-Peri5 inhibition decreased gnawing but did not necessarily reduce stress-induced anxiety. Moreover, neuropeptide B (NPB) was expressed in Peri5-projecting PVH neurons, indicating that NPB signaling may mediate the effects of PVH-Peri5. In conclusion, our data revealed a PVH-Peri5 circuit that plays a role in the stress response via its associations with oromotor movements and relative anxiety-like behaviors.
"The development of China's digital financial inclusion" is an important research field that has attracted much attention in recent years. Digital financial inclusion refers to the use of emerging technologies such as the Internet, big data, and artificial intelligence to provide the general public with more convenient, efficient, and low-cost financial services. Digital financial inclusion has become an important means to promote financial inclusion. In recent years, the development of my country's digital financial inclusion has achieved world-renowned achievements. However, there are still many issues and challenges to be resolved. For example, information asymmetry, difficulty in risk control, and imperfect regulatory policies are still the main obstacles to the development of digital financial inclusion. This article will discuss the background, development, problems and challenges, and future development directions of China's digital financial inclusion, aiming to give readers a comprehensive understanding of the development status and future trends of China's digital financial inclusion.
Introduction Cerebral ischemic stroke (CIS) is caused by the interruption of cerebral blood circulation due to thrombosis or embolism and is the second-leading cause of mortality worldwide. The neuronal death and motor dysfunction resulting from CIS are primarily attributed to the induction of PARthanatos in neurons at the site of ischemia. Blocking parthanatos is a promising treatment for CIS. Methods The effect of medroxyprogesterone treatment on PARthanatos in vitro was examined by CCK8 assay and flow cytometry and the target protein of medroxyprogesterone was then identified by a series of assays, including western blotting, immunofluorescence, cell thermal shift assay and molecular docking. Subsequently, the efficacy of medroxyprogesterone in the treatment of ischemic stroke was evaluated by FJC staining. Results In our study, medroxyprogesterone was able to block the occurrence of PARthanatos in Hela cells induced by MNNG. PARP-1 activity did not change after medroxyprogesterone treatment but prevented MNNG-induced apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) release from mitochondria by improving the stability of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In vivo, medroxyprogesterone significantly reduces neuronal death in mouse models of CIS by inhibiting PARthanatos. Conclusion Our findings indicate that medroxyprogesterone effectively inhibits PARthanatos not by affecting the activity of PARP-1, but by directly binding to ERK and stabilizes the active phosphorylated ERK, thereby inhibiting AIF translocation. Furthermore, medroxyprogesterone shows potential as a neuroprotective agent for patients with CIS, potentially enhancing post-stroke recovery and reducing societal burdens.
With the increasingly serious environmental pollution problems worldwide, the development of green economy has become an important task. This article aims to analyze the importance of developing a green economy and the development of related green economy industries. Green economy is an effective way to achieve sustainable development, which helps to reduce environmental pollution, improve environmental quality, and promote the healthy development of the ecosystem, thereby achieving sustainable development. By using qualitative analysis to analyze the guiding significance of green economy theory in various industries, three cases of green economy realization in three countries, Finland, Switzerland and Japan, are cited to analyze the prospects of green economy, and finally a conclusion is made based on the guiding significance of green economy for China. To sum up, the development of green economy is of great significance, and green economy has broad development prospects. It is necessary to increase investment and take effective measures to achieve the goal of sustainable development.
Under the call of global energy conservation and emission reduction, the construction of renewable energy bases in desert areas can effectively promote the green and low-carbon transformation of the power system. Desert areas have low construction costs and abundant renewable resources. However, due to the strong randomness of wind and photovoltaic power resources, their investment and operation benefits are not optimistic when only energy value is considered. In fact, the construction of renewable energy in desert areas has benefits such as ecological improvement, water and soil conservation, and reduction of carbon emissions. Therefore, this paper puts forward the objective function based on the optimal comprehensive benefit, and comprehensively considers the factors such as economic benefit, low-carbon benefit, ecological benefit, wind and photovoltaic curtailment penalty. On this basis, the planning model of desert renewable energy transmission base is established. At the same time, the stochastic robust programming method is used to consider the uncertainty interval of the output of renewable energy, and the capacity planning can adapt to the extreme bad scenario is obtained. Compared with conventional planning methods, the proposed planning scheme is proved to have better energy input recovery and comprehensive benefits.
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