Mosquito ecology is influenced by wetness in the environment.In 2011-2014, a rise in waters of Lake Baringo resulted in unprecedented flooding that inundated over 88km 2 of the shoreline.A longitudinal study carried out from October 2012-October 2013 assessed mosquito abundance and diversity in two habitats.A total of 386,624 mosquitoes were captured, 89% from flooded shoreline and 11% from swampy habitat.Family Culicinae constituted 10 genera.Mansonia dominated the catches with 98% from flooded shoreline and swampy habitat 2%.Genetic sequences of Aedes albopictus species was identified and reported for the first time in the basin.Diversity index was higher in swampy habitat (Simpson Diversity Index=0.56), compared to flooded shoreline (Simpson diversity index =0.13).Future recurring floods will result in drastic changes of the ecology and could lead to emergence and reemergence of more species.
This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Introduction: Therapeutic decision-making is offered as a term to describe the responsibility that pharmacists have as medicines experts for making decisions about drug therapy for individual patients. There is a lack of research describing how pharmacy students learn to make therapeutic decisions. Methods: Qualitative methods were used to interview twelve final-year undergraduate pharmacy students. Data were analysed inductively to identify the steps in the process, the definition, and attitudes students learned about therapeutic decision-making. Results: According to these pharmacy students, the process and definition involve four steps; identifying medicines related problems via differential diagnosis, exploring treatment options, weighing up the options, and making a recommendation. Attitudes were confidence, open-mindedness, and bias awareness. Discussion: These findings align with a proposed model for therapeutic decision-making in pharmacy practice, however, this study did not determine if the students could apply the model in practice. Conclusion: These findings can be used as a benchmark for enhancing the pharmacy curriculum to include decision-making skills about drug therapy for future practice settings.
Woody debris accumulations are important ecological components in low order forested streams. They provide forage and refuge for a macroinvertebrates, which are key trophic components for riverine fish. The occurrence of woody debris in tropical streams is however threatened by large scale destruction of catchment forests thereby threatening the riverine biodiversity. Despite their importance, the current status of woody debris accumulations in tropical forested streams is unknown. In this study we determined the densities of debris dams in a forested stream section, their effectiveness in coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) retention and the associated macroinvertebrates along a 100m stream stretch within the mid‐reaches of Sagana River. Volume of woody debris was estimated from length, width and height. All components retained were collected, sorted and dried to a constant weight at 85oC. Prior to drying of the organic matter, macroinvertebrates in the CPOM were picked, sorted into different taxa and enumerated. The average density over the whole study period was 2 woody debris dam accumulations per 100m stream stretch. The macroinvertebrates occurring at the debris dams were dominated by Coleoptera (47.3%), followed by Diptera (22.7%) and Ephemeroptera (19.2%). The Coleoptera were dominated by Gyrinidae, Elmidae and Scirtidae. Woody debris play an important role as long‐term retention structures for organic matter and food resources. They forms an important component of riverine ecosystems with regard to CPOM retention, macroinvertebrates distribution and abundance which are indicators of habitat condition. There is therefore need for re‐introductions of such structures for effective channel restoration. We recommend maintenance of buffer strips of riparian vegetation along river banks to protect riverine communities from adverse effects of land‐use changes within Mt. Kenya catchment region.
Mosquito ecology is influenced by wetness in the environment. In 2011-2014, a rise in waters of Lake Baringo resulted in unprecedented flooding that inundated over 88km2 of the shoreline. A longitudinal study carried out from October 2012-October 2013 assessed mosquito abundance and diversity in two habitats. A total of 386,624 mosquitoes were captured, 89% from flooded shoreline and 11% from swampy habitat. Family Culicinae constituted 10 genera. Mansonia dominated the catches with 98% from flooded shoreline and swampy habitat 2%. Genetic sequences of Aedes albopictus species was identified and reported for the first time in the basin. Diversity index was higher in swampy habitat (Simpson Diversity Index=0.56), compared to flooded shoreline (Simpson diversity index =0.13). Future recurring floods will result in drastic changes of the ecology and could lead to emergence and re-emergence of more species.
Kenya is a water-scarce country with the capital city, Nairobi, receiving less than 100 l/capita/day. Potable water for irrigation and industrial use is generally unavailable, and this calls for alternative water sources. Despite use of wastewater being illegal in Kenya, it is used to irrigate over 720 ha in Nairobi. In order to justify the formulation of a national policy to support wastewater reuse, secondary data which included the authors’ previous work was reviewed. In a study done between 2006 and 2007, the levels of nitrates (100 mg/l) and TDS (630 mg/l) in the wastewater were found to be within the acceptable NEMA standards. The concentration of lead was 0.1 mg/lwhile cadmium and chromium were non-detectable. However, levels of BOD and Coliform bacteria were higher than NEMA limits. This implied that Nairobi sewage needed to be treated for the removal of BOD, turbidity and microbial contamination. In order to allow for safe use of wastewater in Kenya, there is need to formulate a national wastewater reuse policy which provides guidelines for maximum allowable levels of pesticides, herbicides, and heavy metals in wastewater reuse. Such a policy should also indicate the required water quality monitoring frequency for faecal indicators (Escherichia coli, faecal coliforms, enterococci), and suggest the maximum allowable concentration of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) which may are usually abundant in wastewater.
This paper focuses on determining the influence of sales territory design on salesforce performance in the detergent manufacturing companies in Kenya. Detergents play a critical role in our everyday lives by ensuring hygiene at our personal level, in our homes, in schools, institutions, and hospitals. Detergents have gained a lot of prominence since the onset of the Corona Virus (COVID-19) disease in 2019, as it has been proved that they play an important role in curtailing the transmission of the COVID-19 disease. The Salesforce plays an important role in organizations as they are the ones who in most cases interact with customers, provide information about their organization and products, provide prices, demonstrate how products are used, train customers, provide after sales service, and resolve any issues that may arise. The study was anchored on Expectancy Theory, Resource Based Theory, Equity Theory, and Agency Theory. The study adopted positivism philosophy and used a descriptive cross sectional design. The unit of analysis was the sales people in the detergent manufacturing companies in Kenya who are members of Kenya Association of Manufacturers as per list obtained from KAM in December 2018. The study used primary data which was collected by administering semi-structured questionnaires. The data was analyzed using a combination of both descriptive and inferential statics to describe the manifestations of the variables in the data collected, simple regression model was used to test the significance of the influence of sales territory design (independent variable) on the salesforce performance (dependent variable). Fischer distribution test (F-test) was used to test the significance of the independent variable and the overall model. The p-value for the F-statistic was used to determine the robustness of the model. This was done at 95% confidence level (p<0.05). The study found a strong relationship between sales territory design and salesforce performance. This depicts that sales territory design is critical in determining salesforce performance in detergent manufacturing companies in Kenya.
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