Darin C. Bennett

California Polytechnic State University

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Kimberly M. Cheng

University of British Columbia

Maryanne R. Hughes

Cardiff University

David A. Gray

California State University, Northridge

Hein M. Tun

Chinese University of Hong Kong

Ji Eun Kim

Kyung Hee University

P. J. Sharp

Roslin Institute

Frederick C. Leung

University of Hong Kong

Deepa G. Menon

University of Minnesota, Waseca

Leslie E. Hart

University of British Columbia

Tryg Lundquist

California Polytechnic State University

Cooperative Institutions

University of British Columbia

Shinshu University

Stellenbosch University

Animal Production Institute

California Polytechnic State University

Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University

MicroBio Engineering (United States)

University of Hong Kong

University of Alberta

University of Western Australia

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Effect of saline intake on osmotic homeostasis in ducks

Darin C. Bennett

Homeostasis

10.14288/1.0090640

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Citations (8)

One-page papers from the 4th IRS Symposium 2008

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture (2008)

Darin C. Bennett Yutaka Karasawa Pinholes Ostrich Hides Black P. C. Glatz

Ostriches are the largest living birds and are endemic to hot arid and semi-arid climates.Their kidneys are relatively large and can produce concentrated urine, but no detailed renal studies have been conducted.In mammals, a high protein diet increases both glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urine flow rate (UFR).Three adult female ostriches (mean body mass 108 kg) were fed four pelleted diets containing 1.2 to 2.4 % N (7.5-15 % CP).Each trial consisted of 10-day adaptation, followed by a 6-day period during which all excreta was collected.Creatinine concentration of the plasma ([Cr] pl ), urine ([Cr] u ) and excreta were measured.GFR was calculated as the total daily excreted creatinine divided by [Cr] pl .UFR was calculated as the total daily excreta creatinine output divided by the [Cr] u .Increasing dietary CP increased the GFR, but had no affect on UFR (Fig. 1).In contrast Goldstein et al. (2001) found that increased protein intake in sparrows increased UFR, but not GFR.GFR and UFR of ostriches in this study averaged 47.2 ± 5.5 and 2.46 ± 0.26 mL/min, respectively.This GFR value is lower than that predicted allometrically for a 100 kg bird, but similar to that predicted for avian species from arid habitats (Bennett and Hughes 2003).

10.1071/eav48n10posters

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Microbial diversity and metabolic function in duodenum, jejunum and ileum of emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)

Scientific Reports (2023)

Ji Eun Kim Hein M. Tun Darin C. Bennett Frederick C. Leung Kimberly M. Cheng

Emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae), a large flightless omnivorous ratite, are farmed for their fat and meat. Emu fat can be rendered into oil for therapeutic and cosmetic use. They are capable of gaining a significant portion of its daily energy requirement from the digestion of plant fibre. Despite of its large body size and low metabolic rate, emus have a relatively simple gastroinstetinal (GI) tract with a short mean digesta retention time. However, little is known about the GI microbial diversity of emus. The objective of this study was to characterize the intraluminal intestinal bacterial community in the different segments of small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) using pyrotag sequencing and compare that with the ceca. Gut content samples were collected from each of four adult emus (2 males, 2 females; 5-6 years old) that were free ranged but supplemented with a barley-alfalfa-canola based diet. We amplified the V3-V5 region of 16S rRNA gene to identify the bacterial community using Roche 454 Junior system. After quality trimming, a total of 165,585 sequence reads were obtained from different segments of the small intestine (SI). A total of 701 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified in the different segments of small intestine. Firmicutes (14-99%) and Proteobacteria (0.5-76%) were the most predominant bacterial phyla in the small intestine. Based on species richness estimation (Chao1 index), the average number of estimated OTUs in the small intestinal compartments were 148 in Duodenum, 167 in Jejunum, and 85 in Ileum, respectively. Low number of core OTUs identified in each compartment of small intestine across individual birds (Duodenum: 13 OTUs, Jejunum: 2 OTUs, Ileum: 14 OTUs) indicated unique bacterial community in each bird. Moreover, only 2 OTUs (Escherichia and Sinobacteraceae) were identified as core bacteria along the whole small intestine. PICRUSt analysis has indicated that the detoxification of plant material and environmental chemicals seem to be performed by SI microbiota, especially those in the jejunum. The emu cecal microbiome has more genes than SI segments involving in protective or immune response to enteric pathogens. Microbial digestion and fermentation is mostly in the jejunum and ceca. This is the first study to characterize the microbiota of different compartments of the emu intestines via gut samples and not fecal samples. Results from this study allow us to further investigate the influence of the seasonal and physiological changes of intestinal microbiota on the nutrition of emus and indirectly influence the fatty acid composition of emu fat.

Jejunum

10.1038/s41598-023-31684-8

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Ratite oils promote keratinocyte cell growth and inhibit leukocyte activation

Poultry Science (2015)

Darin C. Bennett Gigi Leung Eddy Wang Sam Ma Blanche K.K. Lo

Traditionally, native Australian aborigines have used emu oil for the treatment of inflammation and to accelerate wound healing. Studies on mice suggest that topically applied emu oil may have anti-inflammatory properties and may promote wound healing. We investigated the effects of ratite oils (6 emu, 3 ostrich, 1 rhea) on immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) in vitro by culturing the cells in media with oil concentrations of 0%, 0.5%, and 1.0%. Peking duck, tea tree, and olive oils were used as comparative controls. The same oils at 0.5% concentration were evaluated for their influence on peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) survival over 48 hr and their ability to inhibit IFNγ production in PBMCs activated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in ELISpot assays. Compared to no oil control, significantly shorter population doubling time durations were observed for HaCaT cells cultured in emu oil (1.51 × faster), ostrich oil (1.46 × faster), and rhea oil (1.64 × faster). Tea tree oil demonstrated significant antiproliferative activity and olive oil significantly prolonged (1.35 × slower) cell population doubling time. In contrast, almost all oils, particularly tea tree oil, significantly reduced PBMC viability. Different oils had different levels of inhibitory effect on IFNγ production with individual emu, ostrich, rhea, and duck oil samples conferring full inhibition. This preliminary investigation suggests that emu oil might promote wound healing by accelerating the growth rate of keratinocytes. Combined with anti-inflammatory properties, ratite oil may serve as a useful component in bandages and ointments for the treatment of wounds and inflammatory skin conditions.

HaCaT

Doubling time

ELISPOT

10.3382/ps/pev204

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Citations (14)

Assessment of toxicity and coagulopathy of brodifacoum in Japanese quail and testing in wild owls

Ecotoxicology (2015)

Kirstin Holly Webster Kendal E. Harr Darin C. Bennett Tony D. Williams Kimberly M. Cheng

Brodifacoum

Prothrombin time

Clotting time

Dose

10.1007/s10646-015-1449-1

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Citations (29)

Effects of Cadmium Ingestion on Plasma and Osmoregulatory Hormone Concentrations in Male and Female Pekin Ducks

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health (2003)

Maryanne Hughes Darin C. Bennett David A. Gray P. J. Sharp Anton M. Scheuhammer

Effects of ingested cadmium (Cd) on body mass and plasma, urine, salt-gland secretion, and osmoregulatory hormone concentrations were assessed in male and female Pekin ducks, Anas platyrhynchos, acclimated to 450 mM NaCl over 6 wk and then held an additional 13 wk on 300 mM NaCl (prolonged saline exposure). Groups of six birds ate diets containing 0 (control), 50 (low-Cd diet), or 300 (high Cd diet) w g Cd/g food. Ducks that ingested Cd, especially females, lost body mass. Cadmium ingestion did not affect salt-gland secretion concentration. Control males had higher plasma osmolality and lower relative plasma volume. These increased in both sexes during saline acclimation. The high-Cd diet suppressed the increase in plasma osmolality in both sexes, but a rise in relative plasma volume occurred only in females. Following prolonged exposure to saline, plasma osmolality and relative plasma volume were reduced in control ducks but further elevated in ducks on the high-Cd diet. Cadmium ingestion suppressed the increase in urine osmolality that occurred in control ducks during saline acclimation. Neither saline acclimation nor Cd ingestion affected plasma concentrations of arginine vasotocin or prolactin. Arginine vasotocin was not correlated with plasma osmolality; prolactin was negatively correlated with plasma osmolality, but only in males. Cadmium suppressed the increase in angiotensin II that occurred at higher salinities in control and low-Cd males. This study examined the effects of gradually increasing body cadmium content on osmotic homeos-tasis. Cadmium affected plasma and urine, but not salt-gland secretion, concentrations and some of these responses were sexually disparate. Cadmium did not affect osmoregulatory hormones (arginine vasotocin and prolactin) by which observed changes in plasma concentration might have been influenced.

Plasma osmolality

Salt gland

Urine osmolality

Osmoregulation

10.1080/15287390306354

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Citations (7)

Interaction of Osmotic and Volemic Components in Initiating Salt-Gland Secretion in Pekin Ducks

Ornithology (1997)

Darin C. Bennett Maryanne R. Hughes David A. Gray

Pekin Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were infused with 1,000 mM NaC1.Changes in plasma osmolality (Osmpl); relative plasma volume (RPV); and plasma concentrations of electrolytes, arginine vasotocin, and angiotensin II were determined at initiation of salt-gland secretion and at 5 and 11 h post-infusion.Changes in these parameters and in volume and concentration of secretion produced were not different between the sexes.Although Osmpt and RPV were not related prior to infusion, they were linearly related at the onset of secretion (r 2 = 0.51, P = 0.013).Osmpt and RPV were equally effective stimuli for secretion.Initial RPV was a strong determinant of secretion volume (P < 0.01) and total sodium (P < 0.001) and potassium (P < 0.001) secreted, but initial Osmp• was not.Plasma arginine vasotocin concentration was increased by NaC1 infusion but not by subsequent dehydration.Plasma anglotensin II concentration was not significantly affected by NaC1 infusion or by dehydration.These experiments are the first to directly relate the secretory response of the salt glands to the physiological state of ducks prior to salt loading and to describe the interactive simultaneous changes in Osmp• and RPV associated with initiation of secretion.

Salt gland

10.2307/4089165

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Citations (12)

Processing and storage of ratite oils affects primary oxidation status and radical scavenging ability

Animal Production Science (2014)

Suzanne Mashtoub Darin C. Bennett Cuong Duy Tran Gordon S. Howarth

Treatments for diseases such as coronary artery disease and gastrointestinal disorders seek to minimise oxidative damage by free radicals through the use of antioxidants. Oils derived from ratites (flightless birds) have therapeutic potential, with varying fatty acid composition between species. The current study investigated the influence of farm location, rendering method, duration and storage mode on radical scavenging activity (RSA) and primary oxidation status of ratite oils. Emu Oil (n = 8; EO1, EO2a/b, EO3–7; varying processing and storage factors), Ostrich Oil (OsO), Rhea Oil (RO) and olive oil (OlO) were tested for free RSA against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydracyl (expressed as 1/IC50 g/mL) and primary oxidation (peroxide mEqO2/kg). RSA (g/mL) of EO1 (558 ± 22) was greater than EO2a (8 ± 0.6), EO5 (413 ± 26), EO6 (16 ± 0.3) and EO7 (2 ± 0.2), OsO (313 ± 12), RO (32 ± 12) and OlO (196 ± 4), and less than EO3 (717 ± 32; P < 0.001). Antioxidant properties of OsO were more pronounced than RO (P < 0.001). Primary oxidation (mEqO2/kg) of EO1 (97 ± 0.6) was greater than EO2a (57 ± 0.6), EO2b (28 ± 0.2), EO5 (11 ± 0.6), OsO (50 ± 0.9) and OlO (61 ± 0.9). The wide variability in RSA of oils highlights the need for standardisation of farm location, diet composition, rendering procedures, time of render and duration of storage. Regulatory control of these parameters is recommended in order to minimise differences in therapeutic efficacy of ratite oils.

10.1071/an13556

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Citations (9)

Journal of Animals

Journal of Animals (2015)

Deepa G. Menon Darin C. Bennett Kimberly M. Cheng

Information on domestic emu behavior is sparse and hence a study was undertaken to identify and describe the behavior of domestic emus in a farm setting.The behavioral repertoires, activity time budgets, effect of time of the day, sex, weather, and relative humidity on activities of adult emus were investigated.Eight randomly selected emus were observed using one-zero sampling method for 12 days, each period of observation lasting 30 minutes.The major behavioral categories identified were ingestive drinking, standing, locomotion, grooming, socialization, vocalization, and resting.The emus spent most of their time walking, standing, and eating.Immediately after moving to a new pen, emus were found to huddle together to keep away from emus already resident in the pen.The time spent on each activity was not significantly different between the sexes.The findings from this study provided important information on the behavior and activities of emus.The observed behaviors need to be further examined to assess their relations to the birds' welfare.

10.1155/2046

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Evaluation of Apparent Metabolizable Energy and Apparent Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) in Broiler Chickens and Laying Hens

Animals (2024)

Taylor K. O’Lear Reid Katherine E. Gardner Kayla L. Paglia Alexandra Ulans Ruth Spierling

Our study objective was to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD) of spirulina fed to broiler chickens and laying hens using the difference method. In both experiments, birds were either fed corn-soybean meal basal diets, containing no spirulina and formulated to provide the nutrient requirements of either broilers or layers, or fed test diets consisting of 25% spirulina and 75% of the appropriate basal diet. Titanium dioxide was added to all diets as an indigestible marker. The diets were fed to 10 replicate cages/treatment of broilers and 15 replicate cages/treatment of laying hens. The AME of spirulina for broilers was significantly lower (

Spirulina (dietary supplement)

Laying

Arthrospira

Amen

10.3390/ani14223343

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