The purpose of this study is to show that an alternative and novel modified electrode such as the zirconium dioxide with titanium dioxide (ZrO 2 /TiO 2 ) carbon paste electrode could be utilized in the area of highly toxic metal detection such as the highly toxic metal indium. The challenges of the development of an electrochemical sensor over the last two decades which possess the following qualities such as user friendly, robust, selective, low detection limits and allowing for fast analyses in toxic metal detection are the reasons for this investigation. A carbon modified electrode was developed with zirconium dioxide with titanium dioxide for the determination of indium (III) in the presence of lead (II) by Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV). This novel carbon paste electrode zirconium dioxide with titanium dioxide was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to understand the possible interaction between the determination of the sample and the modified electrode surface.
Cancer recurrence after complete resection of the primary tumor is dreaded by patients and physicians alike. Intensive follow-up after curative resection is considered a marker of good practice and frequently perceived as an antidote against recurrence by patients and families. In the United States, there is abiding faith in frequent imaging and blood tests as the best tools for the job. Thoughtful practice, clinical guidelines, retrospective reviews of prospectively gathered data, and clinical trials of follow-up have focused on the number, frequency, and sequence of modalities. A different perspective on which to predicate follow-up of patients with curatively treated cancer is to consider whether meaningful treatment options exist for recurrence. In cancers for which there are meaningful treatment options, it is reasonable to expect that moreintensive follow-up may improve survival. This commentary discusses this perspective in the context of the established literature in patients with colorectal and breast cancers, two cancers considered to have effective treatments for metastatic and recurrent disease as compared with non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and pancreatic cancer, which do not.
Changing landscapes in the Northeastern United States over the past century have had a profound effect on the abundance and distribution of native wildlife species that prefer early successional habitat, including New England cottontail (Sylvilagus transitionalis).Populations of New England cottontail have been in decline for several decades, whereas during this same time period the nonnative eastern cottontail (S. floridanus) range has expanded.We conducted intensive vegetation analyses at 17 known locations of New England cottontail and 19 known locations of eastern cottontail in Connecticut to better describe their chosen habitat and identify any difference in habitat used by the two species.Sites that were occupied by New England cottontail had greater canopy closure (73.7%) and basal area (12.3 m2/ha) than sites occupied by eastern cottontail (45.3% and 6.8 m2/ha).Our findings suggest management plans to create habitat for New England cottontails should include retaining more basal area and canopy closure than what is currently prescribed in southern New England; however, further fine-scale research is required to determine if this recommendation applies throughout the range of New England cottontail.
About the Editors. Contributing Authors. Foreword. Acknowledgements. Part I: Developments in Therapeutic Communities. Introduction (Peter Bennett). 1. Introducing Forensic Democratic Therapeutic Communities (Alisa Stevens). 2. Dovegate Therapeutic Community: Bid, Birth, Growth and Survival (Eric Cullen and Alan Miller). 3. The Van der Hoeven Clinic: a Flexible and Innovative Forensic Psychiatric Hospital Based on Therapeutic Community Principles (Judith de Boer-van Schaik and Frans Derks). 4. A Therapeutic Distinction with a Difference: Comparing American Concept-Based Therapeutic Communities and British Democratic Therapeutic Community Treatment for Prison Inmates (Douglas S. Lipton). 5. Towards a Social Analytical Therapy (John Shine). Part II: Practice. 6. Putting Principles into Practice: The Therapeutic Community Regime at HMP Grendon and its Relationship with the Good Lives' Model (Michael Brookes). 7. Personality Disorder: Using Therapeutic Communities as an Integrative Approach to Address Risk (Richard Shuker). 8. Psychodrama as Part of Core Therapy at HMP Grendon (Jinnie Jefferies). 9. Self and Social Function: Art Therapy and Readiness for Treatment in a Therapeutic Community Prison (Bill Wylie). 10. Undertaking Therapy at HMP Grendon with Men Who Have Committed Sexual Offences (Geraldine Akerman). Part III: Research and Outcomes. 11. Reflections on Grendon: Interviews with Men Who Are About to Leave (Elizabeth Sullivan). 12. This can't be real': Continuity at HMP Grendon (Lorna A. Rhodes). 13. The Experience of Officers in a Therapeutic Prison: an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (James McManus). 14. Emotional Influence and Empathy in Prison-Based Therapeutic Communities (Karen Niven, David Holman and Peter Totterdell). 15. The Quality of Life of Prisoners and Staff at HMP Grendon (Guy Shefer). 16. Suicide and Self-injurious Behaviours at HMP Grendon (Adrienne Rivlin). 17. Changes in Prison Offending Among Residents of a Prison-Based Therapeutic Community (Margaret Newton). 18. Changes in Interpersonal Relating Following Therapeutic Community Treatment at HMP Grendon (Richard Shuker and Michelle Newberry). 19. The Experiences of Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) Prisoners in a Therapeutic Community Prison (Michelle Newberry). 20. Research in Prison (Martin J. Fisher, Carol Ireland and Elizabeth Sullivan). Index.
Evidence-based approaches and modalities for targeting and treating the cognitive impairments of schizophrenia have proliferated over the past 15 years. The impairments targeted are distributed across the cognitive spectrum, from elemental perception, attention, and memory, to complex executive and social-cognitive functioning. Cognitive treatment is most beneficial when embedded in comprehensive programs of psychiatric rehabilitation. To personalize comprehensive treatment and rehabilitation of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, practitioners and participants must select from a rapidly expanding array of particular modalities and apply them in the broad context of the participant's overall recovery. At present, no particular treatment, cognitive or otherwise, can be considered more important or primary than the context in which it is applied. Persistent difficulty in dissemination of new technology for severe and disabling mental illness compounds the significance of the context created by a full treatment array. In this article, a case-study of a mental health service system is described, showing the broad-ranging effects of degrading the rehabilitative context of treatments, obviating the benefits of cognitive treatment and other modalities. To realize the promise of cognitive treatment, the problems that prevent dissemination and maintenance of complete psychiatric rehabilitation programs have to be addressed.
ABSTRACTObjectivesThe disparity between the infant mortality rates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (forthwith respectfully ‘Aboriginal’) and non-Aboriginal populations in Australia is well documented. However, major public health initiatives and campaigns aimed particularly at halving the Aboriginal infant mortality rate are hindered by the lack of comprehensive and accurate data. To date, infant and child mortality rates for Victorian born Aboriginal children have not been reported in national statistics. The aim of Victorian Aboriginal Child Mortality Study was to accurately measure the patterns and trends of Aboriginal infant mortality and to report the disparities between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal infants born in Victoria, Australia between 1999 and 2008 inclusive. ApproachWe used best practice methodologies to link total population data and comprehensive mortality case review to classify and code the deaths to determine, for the first time, all-cause and cause-specific mortality for Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal infants born in Victoria from 1999 to 2008.ResultsBetween 1999 and 2009, Aboriginal infants were twice as likely to die in in the first year of life as non-Aboriginal infants. Infant cumulative mortality rates (CMR) were higher among Aboriginal births (9.1/1000 livebirths in 1999-2003 and 9.4/1000 livebirths in 2004-2008) than non- Aboriginal births (4.7/1000 livebirths in 1999-2003 and 4.5/1000 livebirths in 2004-2008). For Aboriginal infants there was an observed decrease in the rate of neonatal deaths, and conversely an increase in the postneonatal CMR (from 2.2/1000 livebirths in 1999-2003 and 3.8/1000 livebirths in 2004-2008). Among Aboriginal infants there was an increase in deaths attributed to prematurity (3.1/1000 livebirths in 1999-2003 and 4.3/1000 livebirths in 2004-2008) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) (1.0/1000 livebirths in 1999-2003 and 1.7/1000 livebirths in 2004-2008). There were significantly more potentially preventable deaths among Aboriginal infants than in non-Aboriginal infants [infection (0.6/1000 Aboriginal livebirths vs 0.2/1000 non-Aboriginal livebirths, RR 2.5 95%CI 1.1-5.6) injury (0.6/1000 Aboriginal livebirths vs 0.1/ 1000 non-Aboriginal livebirths, RR 5.8 95%CI 2.5-13.5), and SIDS (1.4/1000 Aboriginal livebirths vs 0.28/1000 non-Aboriginal livebirths, RR 5.0 95%CI 2.9-8.6)]. ConclusionThis is the first time that all-cause and cause-specific mortality rates for Victorian born Aboriginal and non-Indigenous infants have been reported. The observed increasing disparities between Aboriginal and non- Indigenous infants, especially due to preventative causes, such as infection, injury and SIDS, in the post neonatal period, demand immediate action in partnership with Aboriginal communities. Collaborative action must focus on both access to primary health care and better living conditions.
