Background: In healthcare education, practical learning and the application of knowledge are crucial for establishing professional skills and abilities. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, the practical form of education in medical schools faced great challenges, which resulted in the adoption of new digital teaching methods that allowed for distant learning. In our academic programs, video lessons were widely used and proved successful in terms of practical education. With the assistance of video materials and digital technologies, we were able to ensure a better visualization of resources and provide a space for developing professional habits and skills. Aim of the study: To determine the extent to which this new e-learning process was effective with regards to gaining practical knowledge and how it was perceived by the students. Material and Methods: We carried out quantitative research among students who received both forms of education – in-person and online. Data was collected via a survey, where the students shared their views about the efficacy of the teaching methods on their practical education and their evaluations of the online learning. The results were based on the mathematical-statistical method. Results: Overall, the students had a positive response towards the digital learning approach and 44% of them felt more motivated to study. Despite these findings, approximately three-quarters of the students (74%) believed that practical training should not be performed entirely via video materials. Conclusions: The implementation of video components presents opportunities for practical training to be flexible, adaptive and stable given that the accompanying changes, challenges and problems are analyzed, comprehended, and solved.
The cranio-atlanto-axial junction (C0-C2) is anatomically and biomechanically the most complex spinal region. It is frequently engaged by different pathologies of tumoral, traumatical or inflammatory origin, leading to spinal instability. The advanced knowledge about the anatomical details, the physiology, the mechanism of injury, the nature of the processes and their classification are crucial for the adequate therapeutic approach when dealing with pathologies in this region. In the actual study we are reviewing the anatomical landmarks, the classification of the pathological processes and the diagnostic options and criterion when dealing with pathologies involving the cranio-cervical region. We are presenting our experience with the posterior screw fixation for the treatment of the craniocervical junction instabilities.
Gangliosides are acidic glycosphingolipids localized mainly on the outer membrane layer of the membranous cell structures. These molecules participate in important mechanisms at molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and organism levels. It has been proven that gangliosides play a role as regulators of various biological processes but also as markers in a number of multifactor pathologies. In this regard, the present study determined the titers of the GM3, GM1, and GD1a gangliosides, as well as the titers of IgG-class antibodies against each of them by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), in several different anatomic organs: brain, pancreas, myocardium, liver, and small intestine from rodents. A total extract (control sample) containing the complete set of molecules is prepared from each isolated anatomic organ. An equivalent amount of the extract is passed through a GSH-agarose column in order to select the molecules from each organ possessing affinity to the reduced form of glutathione tripeptide (GSH). GSH is known as an antioxidant, immunomodulator, cardioprotector, neuroprotector, hepatoprotector, anticancer, and antiaging agent. As a whole, significantly lower titers of the three gangliosides and the antibodies to them are reported in the myocardium and liver samples compared to the brain and pancreas samples. Taking into account that the myocardium and liver are the organs known with the highest content of GSH, the obtained results can be explained by the possibly high content of free and/or newly synthesized GSH in them, which does not participate in intermolecular interactions compared to the other investigated organs. Complete absence of each of the three tested gangliosides or of antibodies against them at certain dilutions of the small intestine samples, as well as the highest titers of the same parameters compared to the corresponding samples from the other organs of each of the gangliosides or of the specific antibodies at other dilutions, is observed. One of the explanations for those peculiarities is associated with the presence of the intestinal microflora, including the influence of intestinal bacteria neuraminidases (sialidases). The presented data also show a possibility of antibodies/immunoglobulins production by non-lymphoid cells, tissues, and organs in suitable conditions. Since the immunoglobulins thus produced reside outside the germinal centers of the specialized lymphoid tissues and organs, regulation of their production and functions by interactions with small ions and/or molecules is also important. Gangliosides are namely such small molecules. Special attention is paid to intermolecular interactions involving the listed gangliosides and GSH. The main objective is related to understanding the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the individual organs and systems in the body.
The spontaneous chromosomal fragility was tested by light microscopy observation of metaphases from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 8 patients with malignancies and of 8 healthy controls. In the tested patients, a significantly higher frequency of the spontaneous chromosomal fragility was observed compared to the controls, especially in the centromere chromosomal regions. Of particular interest were interactions involving gangliosides, the reduced form of tri-peptide glutathione (GSH) and/or of tumor-suppressor protein HACE1. The average titers of gangliosides and of anti-ganglioside antibodies in extracts from experimental in vitro models of laboratory-incubated cultures of mouse embryonic 3T3 fibroblasts, of mouse malignant myeloma cells, as well as of mixed cultures of both cellular types, were determined after previous passing of each one through GSH-agarose columns about the “selection” of the molecules in each one of the described samples, possessing affinity to GSH. Additionally, the presence and expression of the tumor-suppressor gene HACE-1 in the genome of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and malignant human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells, both containing an additional copy of this gene, inserted by transfection with appropriate recombinant DNA vectors containing a copy of the tumor-suppressor gene, were tested. The developed experimental in vitro models show specific intermolecular interactions, which could prevent the disease development. Furthermore, a possibility about the production of antibodies/immunoglobulins by non-lymphoid cellular types was shown. Because the antibodies produced in this manner are outside the germinal centers in the specialized lymphoid tissues and organs, the control of their functions by small ions and molecules, such as gangliosides, is important.
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