Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection causes acute febrile illness in humans, and some of these individuals develop a debilitating chronic arthritis that can persist for months to years for reasons that remain poorly understood. In this study from India, we characterized antibody response patterns in febrile chikungunya patients and further assessed the association of these initial febrile-phase antibody response patterns with protection versus progression to developing chronic arthritis. We found 5 distinct patterns of the antibody responses in the febrile phase: no CHIKV binding or neutralizing (NT) antibodies but PCR positive, IgM alone with no NT activity, IgM alone with NT activity, IgM and IgG without NT activity, and IgM and IgG with NT activity. A 20-month follow-up showed that appearance of NT activity regardless of antibody isotype or appearance of IgG regardless of NT activity during the initial febrile phase was associated with a robust protection against developing chronic arthritis in the future. These findings, while providing potentially novel insights on correlates of protective immunity against chikungunya-induced chronic arthritis, suggest that qualitative differences in the antibody response patterns that have evolved during the febrile phase can serve as biomarkers that allow prediction of protection or progression to chronic arthritis in the future.
Objective: To study the incidence of hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease (CAD) in a cohort of adult subjects. Methods: A total 2159 participants (mean age: 48.6±11.6 years; 1342 males and 817 females) who attended the hospital for a comprehensive health check up were recruited and followed-up as a cohort for a mean period of 3.5 years. Their baseline and follow-up evaluation included clinical examination, biochemical investigations and cardiac check-up. Results: At baseline, 64% participants were overweight or obese, 44.3% had HTN (grade I or above), 16.7% had diabetes mellitus with additional 29.3% having impaired fasting glucose or glucose intolerance, and 46.6% had metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of CAD at baseline was 6% in males and 3% in females. The incidence (per 1000 person-years of follow-up) of HTN, diabetes mellitus and CAD was 72.2, 26.3 and 12.2, respectively. Conclusion: The burden of cardiometabolic disorders and their risk factors is high in India. Urgent remedial public health preventive measures are required to curtail the emerging epidemic of cardiometabolic disorders.
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual background and managerial implications of COVID 19 and its impact on consumer behaviour Design/Methodology/Approach: This is primarily a conceptual paper focusing on the impact and changes in the consumption pattern of consumers due to the COVID-19 pandemic The paper undertakes a thorough review of the relevant literature Findings: The findings of this paper suggests that both consumers and business firms are on a new learning curve adjusting to the new normal To fulfil the needs of consumers in the situation of crisis it has become essential for business firms to integrate their supply chain logistics and their warehouse operations and encourage online procurement of goods Originality/Value: The paper is original and makes the foundational contribution for a beginning stream of research
Abstract Studies worldwide have shown that the available vaccines are highly effective against SARS-CoV-2. However, there are growing laboratory reports that the newer variants of concerns (VOCs e.g. Alpha, Beta, Delta etc) may evade vaccine induced defense. In addition to that, there are few ground reports on health workers having breakthrough infections. In order to understand VOC driven breakthrough infection we investigated 14 individuals who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 after being administered a single or double dose of Covishield (ChAdOx1, Serum Institute of India) from the city of Varanasi, which is located in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Genomic analysis revealed that 78.6% (11/14) of the patients were infected with the B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant. Notably, the frequency (37%) of this variant in the region was significantly lower (p<0.01), suggesting that the vaccinated people were asymmetrically infected with the Delta variant. Most of the patients tested displayed mild symptoms, indicating that even a single dose of the vaccine can help in reducing the severity of the disease. However, more comprehensive epidemiological studies are required to understand the effectiveness of vaccines against the newer VOCs.
BACKGROUNDTimely identification of an epidemic occurrence and appropriate strategies for treatment require accurate diagnosis of viral diseases.However, the data for incidences of viral diseases in the northern parts of India is limited.The aim of the present study was to diagnose the various occurrences and outbreaks of viral diseases mainly chikungunya, cytomegalovirus, dengue, hepatitis A, B, C, E, herpes simplex 1, 2 and rubella in Amritsar and neighbouring districts of Punjab along with the demographic and geographical data of the patients. MATERIALS AND METHODSWhole blood sera samples from a total of 6099 patients suspected of various viral diseases (chikungunya, cytomegalovirus, dengue, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis E, herpes simplex-1, 2 and rubella) were received at VRDL, GMC, Amritsar from May 2016 to December 2016.The diagnosis was based on serological assays. RESULTSOut of total 6099 suspected cases, 3269 were diagnosed with antibodies for at least one of the tested viral diseases.Dengue virus was the highest occurring viral disease (66%).Male patients infected with viruses outnumbered female cases except for chikungunya, herpes simplex-1, 2 and rubella.The 21 -40 years' age group appeared to be the most susceptible age group for nearly all studied viral infections except cytomegalovirus and hepatitis A. Among the total eight reported outbreak investigations, largest encompasses 2795 dengue cases from Amritsar district. CONCLUSIONThe significance of diagnostics is anticipated to increase with advances in interventions and health information technology.Emerging and future diagnostics will have wide-ranging impacts on all aspects of healthcare; further, they will help advance new fundamental concepts of care and improve the quality of health services.
Procrastination is very familiar to many people Procrastination refers to putting off the tasks to some later point of time. Everybody procrastinate to some extent by various reasons. Procrastination simply means putting off things of high priority in the favor of doing something else which you find more enjoyable or comfortable. In other words procrastination means putting off important tasks to a later time. Procrastination is easy to do but hard to stop. This can be proved a major problem in your career as well as in your personal life. People sometimes attempt to control their procrastination habit by setting deadlines for them. Procrastination does not only attack one's quality of work or health, it makes one appear to be lazy and uninterested in his or her job. Procrastination also leads to the failure of accomplishing one's dreams. Procrastination is a cruel mistress that appears wonderful from afar, but the closer one gets to her the harder it is to escape. In this article we tried to discuss various causes responsible for procrastination and steps to overcome the habit of procrastination. There are some suggestive measures are also mentioned in the article that can prove helpful to avoid the procrastination To overcome the procrastination a top level planning is must and various kind of motivation is required.
The Indian population is facing highest dengue burden worldwide supporting an urgent need for vaccines. For vaccine introduction, evaluation and interpretation it is important to gain a critical understanding of immune memory induced by natural exposure. However, immune memory to dengue remains poorly characterized in this region.We enumerated levels of dengue specific memory B cells (MBC), neutralizing (NT) and binding antibodies in healthy adults (n=70) from New Delhi.NT-antibodies, binding antibodies and MBC were detectable in 86%, 86.56% and 81.63% of the subjects respectively. Among the neutralizing positive subjects, 58%, 27%, 5% and 10% neutralized all four, any three, any two and any one dengue serotypes respectively. The presence of the neutralizing antibodies was associated with the presence of the MBC and binding antibodies. However, a massive interindividual variation was observed in the levels of the neutralizing antibodies (range, <1:50-1:30,264), binding antibodies (range, 1:3,000-1:134,000,) as well as the MBC (range=0.006%-5.05%).These results indicate that a vast majority of the adults are immune to multiple dengue serotypes and show massive interindividual variation in neutralizing/binding antibodies and MBCs - emphasizing the importance of monitoring multiple parameters of immune memory in order to properly plan, evaluate and interpret dengue vaccines.
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