Rosacea is a chronic facial disease that may lead to feelings of stigmatization, which can negatively impact psychological and social well-being.The aim of this study was to evaluate different aspects of rosacea that could contribute to feelings of stigmatization.An online survey of a representative sample of the adult population in the UK, France, Germany and US was conducted to identify patients with rosacea based on presence of three or more clinical features.Among the patients who completed the survey (n = 807), mean age at first sign/symptom of rosacea was 31.3 ± 14.5 years; mean duration of disease was 102 ± 119 months. One-third of patients reported feelings of stigmatization (FS; n = 275). Male patients were more likely to experience FS (49% vs. 37.2% in non-FS population; P = 0.0037). Those with FS were more likely to avoid social situations (54.2% vs. 2.0%, P < 1.00E-10 ) and had a higher rate of depression (36.7% vs. 21.1%, P < 1.00E-10 ).Stigmatization is important in the daily lives of those with rosacea and should be taken into consideration in the management of these patients.
In the past, it has been noted that minor changes in questionnaire design can influence the responses submitted (Jackson, Ing, & Arseneault, 2007). This study looked to evaluate whether variations in item wording or response scale characteristics would influence the way individuals cognitively process and respond to questionnaires. To facilitate this a 3x2x2x2 randomized by repeated measure experimental design was implemented, where scale characteristics and item wording were manipulated. Multiple Analysis of Variance tests were conducted, and it was noted that variations in scale characteristics and item wording resulted in differences in cognitive processing as well as the responses submitted. Questionnaire characteristics interacted with the type of experiences being evaluated, suggesting that some experiences result in different types of cognitive processing than others. The results from this study suggest that researchers should be careful when creating questionnaires, as subtle variations can alter the way individuals process and respond to items. Questionnaire Characteristics v TABLE OF CONTENTS AUTHOR’S DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY iii ABSTRACT iv
Curricular peer mentoring is a specific course-based form of peer mentoring that is intended as academic support for students (Smith, 2013, Chapter 1). This study focussed on a curricular peer mentoring program being used specifically in an undergraduate child psychology course. This study aimed to discover differences in student experience, engagement, and achievement in three courses as impacted by having mentors or not having mentors. Students from all three sections of the course participated in the study. It was found that those in the mentored group (M = 7.73 ±2.45) reported significantly higher levels of Group Engagement as compared to those in the non-mentored groups (M = 5.83 ±1.93), yielding t(120) = 3.88, p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.71. Similarly, those in the mentored group (M = 9.02 ±2.20) reported significantly higher levels of Social Engagement as compared to those in the non-mentored groups (M = 7.55 ±2.56), yielding t(120) = 3.31, p < 0.001, Cohen's d= 0.60. Further, with regard to achievement There were significant main effects found for evaluation type and group membership; however, these differences were qualified by an interaction between evaluation type (midterm, final) and mentorship group (non-mentored-2011, non-mentored-2013, mentored-2012), yielding F2, 500 = 52.85, p < 0.001, η 2 = 0.18. Further investigation of the interaction using contrasts demonstrated that there were no differences between the mentorship groups on average midterm grades (F1, 500 = 6.64, ns) but that the grades on the cumulative final exam were significantly better in the mentored group when compared to the non-mentored groups (F1, 500=42.33, p<.001, η 2=.08).
Acne grading is an essential component in establishing treatment options, but little is known on how neck acne should be incorporated into grading scales.Our objective was to explore the prevalence of neck acne and determine if its own severity category on an acne global grading scale was warranted.Acne severity was assessed in 6 categories: face, chest, back, anterior upper (AUN), anterior lower neck (ALN), and posterior neck (PN).The overall prevalence of neck acne was 49%. Of these, 44% had AUN acne, 18.5% had ALN acne, and 19.8% had PN acne. AUN and facial acne had a significant correlation ( r = 0.37, P < .05). No correlation was seen amongst other areas. Males presented with a significantly higher severity of AUN (mean [SD], 1.37 [1.09]) than females (mean [SD], 0.52 [0.91]), on average.While neck acne has proven to be common amongst those with acne on other areas of the body, facial acne can be used as a proxy for classification, as neck severity is usually milder.
Background Acne is a chronic skin disorder which generally presents in adolescence but continues into adulthood, and negatively affects both physical and psychosocial well-being. Presently, there are no validated acne-specific quality-of-life (QoL) measures that include dimensions for both facial and torso acne. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a QoL instrument for both facial and torso acne (CompAQ) in accordance with recommended standards. Methods: A literature review and Delphi survey of patients and clinicians were used to develop the conceptual framework for outcomes perceived important to acne patients. An initial version of the measure was developed, CompAQ-v1, and pilot tested with patients via cognitive interviews. Results: The Delphi survey generated 4 domains (physical, psychological, sociological, and treatment) and 54 items. These, along with a literature review and input from clinical experts, informed the development of the CompAQ-v1. Eleven cognitive interviews were conducted, resulting in the second version of the measure, CompAQ-v2. Psychometric validation resulted in the final 20-item CompAQ measure comprising 5 domains. An abbreviated 5-item measure was also developed (CompAQ-SF). Conclusion: CompAQ and CompAQ-SF are instruments intended to evaluate QoL in patients with acne on their face or torso. The former is a 21-item QoL intended for research, while the latter is intended for clinical practice.
Determining an appropriate sample size for use in latent variable modeling techniques has presented ongoing challenges to researchers. In particular, small sample sizes are known to present concerns over sampling error for the variances and covariances on which model estimation is based, as well as for fit indexes and convergence failures. The literature on the topic has focused on conducting power analyses as well as identifying rules of thumb for deciding an appropriate sample size. Often the advice involves an assumption that sample size requirement is moderated by aspects of the model in question. In this study, an effort was undertaken to extend the findings of Gagné and Hancock (2006) Gagné, P. and Hancock, G. R. 2006. Measurement model quality, sample size, and solution propriety in confirmatory factor analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 41: 65–83. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar] on measurement model quality and solution propriety to a broader set of confirmatory factor analysis models. As well, we examined whether Herzog, Boomsma, and Reinecke's (2007) findings for the Swain correction to the χ2 statistic for large models would generalize to models in our study. Our findings suggest that Gagné and Hancock's approach extends to large models with surprisingly little increase in sample size requirements and that the Swain correction to χ2 performs fairly well. We argue that likely rejection or model fit should be taken into account when determining sample size requirements and therefore, provide an updated table of minimum sample size that incorporates Gagné and Hancock's method and model fit.
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