In television variety shows or comedy programs, in addition to real sounds, various sound effects and music are combined with humorous scenes to induce more pronounced laughter from viewer-listeners. Symbolic music whose imagery is associated with special meaning based on past usage is dubbed just after humorous scenes as a sort of “punch line” to emphasize their humorous nature. Rating experiments using a method of paired comparisons were conducted to clarify the best timing for insertion of such music into humorous video contents. In the case of purely comical scene, the optimal insertion time was 0.0 to 0.5 seconds after the target scene. In the case of tragicomic scene (humorous accident), the optimal insertion time was 0.5 to 1.0 seconds after the scene, i.e., a short pause before the music was effective in this case. In both cases, the effects of symbolic music decreased 1.5 to 2.0 seconds after the scenes. The rating experiments showed that optimal timing was associated with highest impressiveness of the videos, highest evaluations, highest congruence between moving pictures and sounds, and inducement of maximum laughter.
The Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) has conducted many pharmacoepidemiological studies for postmarketing drug safety assessments based on real-world data from medical information databases. One of these databases is the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan (NDB), containing health insurance claims of almost all Japanese individuals (over 100 million) since April 2009. This article describes the PMDA's regulatory experiences in utilizing the NDB for postmarketing drug safety assessment, especially focusing on the recent cases of use of the NDB to examine the practical utilization and safety signal of a drug. The studies helped support regulatory decision-making for postmarketing drug safety, such as considering a revision of prescribing information of a drug, confirming the appropriateness of safety measures, and checking safety signals in real-world situations. Different characteristics between the NDB and the MID-NET® (another database in Japan) were also discussed for appropriate selection of data source for drug safety assessment. Accumulated experiences of pharmacoepidemiological studies based on real-world data for postmarketing drug safety assessment will contribute to evolving regulatory decision-making based on real-world data in Japan.
 scale(.12937)'%3e %3csvg width='12' viewBox='-120 -190.223125 240 309.188274' height='15.459'%3e %3cpath d='m110.26-19.478l9.74-143.75a280.22 280.22 0 0 0 -240 0l9.74 143.75a155.61 155.61 0 0 0 110.26 138.45 155.61 155.61 0 0 0 110.26 -138.45' fill='%23005da4'/%3e %3cpath d='m-90 0a138.29 138.29 0 0 0 90 100.77 138.29 138.29 0 0 0 90 -100.77l-45-60-18 24-27-54-27 54-18-24-45 60' fill='%23fff'/%3e %3cg id='wave' fill='%23005da4' transform='scale(5) translate(0 5.1962)'%3e %3cpath d='m-17.196-2.1962a6 6 0 0 0 8.1962 2.1962 6 6 0 0 1 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 6 0 6 6 0 0 1 6 0 6 6 0 0 0 8.1962 -2.1962v1.732a6 6 0 0 1 -8.1962 2.1962 6 6 0 0 0 -6 0 6 6 0 0 1 -6 0 6 6 0 0 0 -6 0 6 6 0 0 1 -8.1962 -2.1962z'/%3e %3c/g%3e %3cuse xlink:href='%23wave' transform='translate(0 17.321)'/%3e %3cg id='s' transform='translate(0,-120) scale(2.25)'%3e %3cpath stroke-width='.2' d='m0-5l1 3.2679 3.3301-0.7679-2.3301 2.5 2.3301 2.5-3.3301-0.7679-1 3.2679-1-3.2679-3.3301 0.7679 2.3301-2.5-2.3301-2.5 3.3301 0.7679z' fill='%23fd0'/%3e %3c/g%3e %3cuse xlink:href='%23s' transform='translate(-33.75,-45)'/%3e %3cuse xlink:href='%23s' transform='translate(33.75,-45)'/%3e %3cpath d='m-111.58-167.05l9.96 146.99a146.95 146.95 0 0 0 101.62 129.95 146.95 146.95 0 0 0 101.62 -129.95l9.96-146.99a280.22 280.22 0 0 0 8.42 3.82l-9.74 143.75a155.61 155.61 0 0 1 -110.26 138.45 155.61 155.61 0 0 1 -110.26 -138.45l-9.74-143.75a280.22 280.22 0 0 0 8.42 -3.82' fill='%23ed1c24'/%3e %3c/svg%3e %3c/g%3e %3c/svg%3e)
