Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common complication in critically ill children. It is known as an important predictor of morbidity and mortality in this population. Data on the factors affecting the choice of renal replacement therapy (RRT) modality and its impact on mortality of children with ARF are limited.We retrospectively studied 115 children with ARF necessitating RRT during the period 1995-2005 to evaluate the effect of several prognostic factors as well as RRT type on their immediate outcome.The data collected from charts included demographics, primary disease, accompanying medical conditions, use of vasopressor support, indications for dialysis, RRT modality, and complications of dialysis. Categorical variables were analyzed using chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. Variables associated with mortality (P < 0.1) at the univariable level were studied by a multivariable logistic regression model.The most common cause of ARF was congenital heart disease (n=75). RRT modalities included peritoneal dialysis (PD) (n=81), hemodialfiltration (HDF) (n=31) and intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) (n=18). Median RRT duration was 4 days (range 1-63 days). Overall mortality was 52.2%. IHD was associated with the best survival rate (P < 0.01 vs. PD and HDF), while children treated with HDF had the worse outcome. Hemodynamic instability and systemic infections were associated with greater mortality, but the rate of these complications did not differ between the study groups.Our results suggest that IHD when applied to the right patient in an appropriate setting may be a safe and efficient RRT modality in children with ARF. Randomized prospective trials are needed to further evaluate the impact of different RRT modalities on outcome in children with ARF.
To The Editors: Kingella kingae has been recognized with increasing frequency as a pathogen of invasive infections in early childhood.1 It causes septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis and other focal infections,1-4 but only a few patients with occult bacteremia have been described.1-5 Some authors advocate active search for an endocardial focus whenever K. kingae is isolated in blood culture.6 Yagupsky et al.5 reported seven children with K. kingae occult bacteremia without endocarditis and pointed out that all bacteremic children in their series and in previous studies were younger than age 12 months. It was suggested that the symptoms related to K. kingae bacteremia are age-dependent; i.e. older children are not symptomatic. Recently we treated in our hospital a 2-year, 8-month-old girl who had K. kingae bacteremia. This previously healthy girl had a fever (39.3°C), vomiting and watery diarrhea for 2 days. No other family members were affected and there was no history of travel. The patient was in good general condition. Small ulcers were noted on the buccal mucosa. There were no signs of arthritis, osteomyelitis or endocarditis. The white blood cell count was 9500/mm3 with 60% neutrophils. Blood culture obtained at admission, inoculated into aerobic culture medium (Becton Dickinson), yielded K. kingae, which was susceptible to penicillin, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. K. kingae was identified on the basis of a typical Gram-stained smear, beta-hemolysis, positive oxidase reaction, negative catalase and urease and fermentation of glucose and maltose. The patient was treated with cefuroxime for 10 days. The symptoms subsided within 24 h and subsequent blood cultures showed no growth. Echocardiographic examination was normal. Our patient presented with fever, diarrhea and aphtous stomatitis, features previously found in association with K. kingae bacteremia.5 To our knowledge K. kingae occult bacteremia has not yet been reported in children older than 12 months. The rarity of K. kingae occult bacteremia in children older than 12 months might be explained by several factors: (1) milder symptoms in older children; (2) blood cultures obtained more frequently in febrile infants under the age of 12 months; and (3) low awareness of this pathogen and regarding it as contaminant. We think that it is important for pediatricians to be aware of K. kingae as a possible pathogen of occult bacteremia in infants and young children. Irit Krause, M.D.; Revital Nimri, M.D. Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel Petah-Tiqva, Israel
An evaluation of 105 cases of abdominal wound rupture is reported which represents 1.9% of a total of 5,552 laparotomies performed in children during the years 1960 to 1975. Most ruptures occurred in infants. Prior to other reasons, the frequency seems to depend on the original disease. 23% of the cases, predominantly newborns and infants, had a lethal course.
Objective. Owing to a shortage of kidney donors in Israel, children with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) may stay on maintenance dialysis for a considerable time, placing them at a significant risk. The aim of this study was to understand the causes of mortality. Study Design . Clinical data were collected retrospectively from the files of children on chronic dialysis (>3 months) during the years 1995–2013 at a single pediatric medical center. Results. 110 patients were enrolled in the study. Mean age was10.7±5.27 yrs. (range: 1 month–24 yrs). Forty-five children (42%) had dysplastic kidneys and 19 (17.5%) had focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Twenty-five (22.7%) received peritoneal dialysis, 59 (53.6%) hemodialysis, and 6 (23.6%) both modalities sequentially. Median dialysis duration was 1.46 years (range: 0.25–17.54 years). Mean follow-up was13.5±5.84 yrs. Seventy-nine patients (71.8%) underwent successful transplantation, 10 (11.2%) had graft failure, and 8 (7.3%) continued dialysis without transplantation. Twelve patients (10.9%) died: 8 of dialysis-associated complications and 4 of their primary illness. The 5-year survival rate was 84%: 90%for patients older than 5 years and 61%for younger patients. Conclusions. Chronic dialysis is a suitable temporary option for children awaiting renal transplantation. Although overall long-term survival rate is high, very young children are at high risk for life-threatening dialysis-associated complications.