본 연구는 제한급여를 해야 하는 번식 후보돈에서 배합사료량을 줄이고 조사료인 호맥 사일리지를 급여하였을 때 후보돈의 생산성, 첫 발정시기, 종부시기 및 임신율에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 후보모돈(Landrace ×Yorkshire) 24두를 공시하였으며, 시험 개시시 평균체중은 67.63±1.17kg 이었고 사양시험은 49일간 실시하였다. 시험설계는 1) CON(basal diet), 2) S15(15% feed restriction+ad libitum rye silage), 3) S30(30% feed restriction+ad libitum rye silage)로 3처리로 하였다. 일당증체량과 일당사료섭취량에서는 모든 처리구에 비해 배합사료를 무제한 급여한 CON구가 가장 높았다(P<0.05). S15구와 S30구의 호맥 사일리지의 섭취량은 통계적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 사료요구율에서는 CON구가 다른 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 낮은 결과를 보였다(P<0.05). 호맥 사일리지를 섭취한 S15와 S30처리구의 평균 호맥 사일리지 섭취량은 시간이 경과할수록 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 임신율에 있어서는 제한급여와 호맥 사일리지를 무제한 급여한 S15구와 S30구에서 모든 후보돈이 임신하였으나, 자유채식한 CON구에서는 상대적으로 낮은 임신율을 보였다. 첫 발정시기와 종부시기에서도 호맥 사일리지를 급여한 S15구와 S30구가 대조구와 비교하여 기간이 단축되었다. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding rye silage and feed restriction on both growth and reproductive performances in replacing gilts. Twenty four replacing gilts (Landrace×Yorkshire, 67.63±1.17kg initial BW) were used in 49 d growth assay. Dietary treatments were included 1) CON(basal diet), 2) S15(15% feed restriction + ad libitum rye silage) and 3) S30(30% feed restriction + ad libitum rye silage). In growth performance, average daily gain and average daily feed intake were the highest in CON among treatments(P<0.05). Average daily silage intake was not significantly different between S15 and S30 treatments(P>0.05). Feed conversion ratio was the lowest in CON among treatments(P<0.05). Average silage intake of S15 and S30 treatments was increased as time goes by(P<0.05). While all gilts of S15 and S30 treatments became pregnant, one gilt of CON became pregnant. Also, first estrus and mating were occured earlier in S15 and S30 than those of CON. In conclusion, 15% feed restriction and feeding rye silage reduced growth performance, reached earlier to first estrus and increased pregnancy rate in replacing gilts.
본 실험은 이유자돈에 있어 대두유, 건조팜유분말과 monoglyceride의 첨가가 성장 및 혈청 내 콜레스테롤 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 3원 교잡종[(Y×L)×D] 자돈 125두(개시시 체중 6.00±0.79kg)를 공시하여 21일간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험설계는 기초사료 내 일반대두유 5%를 함유한 처리구(SOY), 건조팜유분말 5.5%를 함유한 처리구(PALM), 일반대두유 2.5%와 0%, 12.5%, 25%의 monoglyceride를 각각 첨가한 건조팜유분말 2.7%를 함유한 처리구(SOPM0, SOPM12.5, SOPM25)의 5개 처리를 두었다. 0－21일간의 총 사양시험기간동안, 일당사료섭취량은 monoglyceride를 함유한 SOPM 구와 PALM 구가 SOY 구, monoglyceride를 함유하지 않은 SOPM 구와 비교하여 증가하였다(P<0.05). 일당증체량 및 사료효율에 있어서는 처리구간 차이를 보이지 않았다. 지방소화율에 있어서는 SOY 구가 가장 높았으며(P<0.05), monoglyceride를 함유한 SOPM 구는 PALM 구와 비교하여 유의적으로 소화율이 증가하였다(P<0.05). SOPM12.5 구와 SOPM25 구는 SOY 구와 비교하여 통계적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 그러나, DM, N 및 DE의 소화율에 있어서는 처리구간 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 등지방 두께는 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다(P>0.05). 혈청 내 콜레스테롤 농도에 있어서는 SOY 구는 다른 처리구와 비교하여 혈청 내 total cholesterol, HDL- cholesterol과 total lipid 함량에 있어서는 유의적으로 감소하였으며(P<0.05), free fatty acid 함량에 있어서는 증가하였다(P<0.05). 또한, triglyceride 함량에 있어서는 PALM 구가 SOPM 구와 비교하여 증가하였다(P=0.06). 결론적으로, 이유자돈에 있어 대두유의 급여는 건조팜유분말의 단일 급여보다 높은 지방 소화율을 나타내었으며, 혈청 콜레스테롤 및 triglyceride 함량에 있어서도 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, monoglyceride가 함유된 건조팜유분말은 건조팜유분말만을 급여한 처리구와 비교하여 이유자돈의 지방 소화율을 개선하는 효과를 가지는 것으로 사료된다.(색인: 건조팜유분말, 모노글리세라이드, 성장율, 혈청 지질, 이유자돈) This experiment was conducted to determine the Effect of soybean oil, dried palm oil powder and monoglyceride supplementation on growth performance and serum lipid changes in weaned pigs. One hundred twenty five cross-bred pigs((Y×L)×D, 6.00±0.79kg average initial BW) were used in a 21 d growth trial. Dietary treatments included SOY(containing 5% soybean oil), PALM(containing 5.5% dried palm oil powder) and SOPM0, 12.5 and 25(containing 2.5% soybean oil and 2.7% dried palm oil powder containing 0%, 12.5% and 25.0% monoglyceride, respectively). For the whole period, ADFI was increased in dried palm oil powder containing monoglyceride and PALM treatments compared with SOY and SOPM0 treatment(P<0.05). ADG and G/F were not affected by treatments. Digestibility of fat was higher(P<0.05) for pigs fed SOY diet than fed other diets. SOPM diets containing monoglyceride showed increased fat digestibility compared with PALM diet(P<0.05). SOPM12.5 and SOPM25 treatments were no difference with SOY treatment. However, there were no significant differences in digestibilities of DM, N and DE(P>0.05). Backfat thicknesses were not significantly different among treatments. Pigs fed SOY diet was decreased in serum total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, total lipid and was increased in free fatty acid than those fed other diet. Also, triglyceride concentration in serum was increased in PALM treatment compared with SOPM treatment(P=0.06). In conclusion, feeding soybean oil in weaned pigs showed higher fat digestibility and lower cholesterol and triglyceride concentration in serum than feeding only dried palm oil powder. Also, pigs fed monoglyceride were improved fat digestibility compared with those fed dried palm oil powder only.
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of brewer yeast hydrolysate supplementation on growth performance, blood profile, fecal score, and fecal microbial and rectal temperature in weanling pigs challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).A total of 40crossbred weanling pigs [(Yorkshire x Landrace) x Duroc] with an average body weight of 8.15 ± 0.87 kg were used in a 42-d experiment.Pigs were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments (5 pigs / replication / treatment) according to their initial body weight and sex. Treatments were as follows: TRT 1, basal diet + Saline injection; TRT2, basal diet + LPS challenge; TRT3, basal diet + 1.0% Brewer yeast hydrolysate + saline injection and TRT4, basal diet + 1.0% Brewer yeast hydrolysate + LPS challenge. The LPS was diluted in sterile saline solution and injected at 0.1 g/kg of BW at the 4th week.All data were subjected to the statistical analysis asa completely randomized design, with a 2 x 2 factorialarrangement using the GLM procedures of SAS.Pig fed diets supplemented with brewer yeast hydrolysate had significantly higher (P = 0.02) ADFI from weeks 2 to 4 as well as G:F during the whole experimental period than pigs fed diets without brewer yeast hydrolysate.Fecal E. coli counts in pigs unchallenged (4.65) with LPS tended to decrease (P = 0.08) compared with challenged (4.53). Pigs received diets supplemented with brewer yeast hydrolysate(4.69, 4.87, respectively) had the tendency of increasing on fecal E. coli and salmonella counts after LPS challenge compared with non-supplemented (4.60, 4.73, respectively) pigs (P = 0.07, 0.08, respectively).Effects Hydrolysate supplementationon on growth performance, fecal microflora, rectal temperature, and blood profiles were detected. In conclusion, the supplementation of 1.0% brewer yeast hydrolysate can improve ADFI and G:F in weanling pigs.
Yeast culture has been widely used in poultry husbandry as growth promoter in recent years. A total of 576 one-day-old male broilers chickens (Ross 308) with an average initial body weight (BW) of 37 ± 0.51 g were used in a 35 days completely randomized design to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of Mixed Yeast Culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae YJM1592 and Kluyveromyces maxianus TB7258, MYC) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality, blood profiles, and gut health. Broilers were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments containing: CON, Basal diet; TRT1, CON + 0.1% MYC; TRT 2, CON + 0.2% MYC. There were 12 replicated pens per treatment with 16 broiler chickens per pen. All data were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Orthogonal polynomials were used to assess the linearand quadratic effects oftreatments. On phase 3 and overall period, BWG were linearly increased (P = 0.019, P = 0.002, respectively) with the increase of MYC levels. FCR were linearly decreased (P = 0.017, P = 0.002, respectively) with supplemental levels of MYC during phase 2 and overall period. Digestibility of dry matter (DM) was linearly increased (P = 0.038) in broilers fed MYC diets. Bursa of Fabricius in relative organ weight was linearly increased (P = 0.028) in broilers fed MYC diets. White blood cell (WBC) showed linear and quadratic increase (P = 0.045, P = 0.044, respectively) in the broilers fed MYC diets. Excreta Lactobacillus were linearly increased (P = 0.033) in MYC groups. In conclusion, MYC supplementation in diets improved the growth performance, enhanced the total tract digestibility of DM, modulate the concentrations of WBC and Lactobacillus, influenced the Bursa weight in broiler chickens. This study provided the basis for future research on MYC as a growth promoter in broiler diets.
본 시험에 사용된 생약제제는 지황, 천궁, 감초, 오미자, 차전차, 산약, 둥글레, 당귀 및 황백 등 24가지의 생약을 적절히 배합한 혼합생약제제(고뿔??)로서 육성돈 사료에 첨가 급여시 생산성, 혈액 내 면역관련 혈액학적 지표, 분내 휘발성 지방산 및 암모니아태 질소 함량에 미치는 영향을 규명하고자 실시하였다. 시험동물은 3원 교잡종(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) 육성돈 80두를 공시하였으며 시험개시시의 체중은 16.35±0.05kg 이었고 1) NC (negative control; antibiotics-free diet), 2) PC (positive control; NC diet added 0.16% antibiotic), 3) NCK0.2 (NC diet added 0.2% herbal product(koppuul??)), 4) PCK0.1 (PC diet added 0.1% herbal product (koppuul??))로 4개 처리를 하여 처리당 5반복 반복당 4두씩 임의 배치하여 42일간 실시하였다. 총 사양시험 기간 동안 일당증체량에서는 PCK0.1구와 PC구가 NC구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났고(P<0.05) 사료효율에서는 PC구가 NC구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았다(P<0.05). 혈액 내 백혈구수와 IgG 함량의 변화는 PC, NCK0.2와 PCK0.1구가 NC구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높은 경향을 보였다(P<0.05). Lymphocyte의 경우 PCK0.1구에서 증가량이 유의적으로 가장 높았으며 대조구가 가장 낮게 나타났다(P<0.05). 분내 암모니아태 질소 함량을 보면 NCK0.2구가 항생제를 첨가한 PC구와 대조구에 비해 유의하게 낮은 결과를 보였다(P<0.05). 건물과 질소 소화율에서는 항생제를 0.16% 첨가한 PC구에서 높은 경향을 보였으나 전 처리구에서 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결과적으로 육성돈 사료 내 생약제 또는 항생제 첨가시 일당증체량, 혈액 내 백혈구수와 IgG 함량을 증가시키고 분내 암모니아태 질소 함량을 감소시키는 것으로 사료된다. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary herbal plant mixture on growth performance, blood immunological parameters, fecal VFA and NH3-N concentrations in growing pigs. The dietary treatments were 1) NC (negative control; antibiotics-free diet), 2) PC (positive control; NC diet added 0.16% antibiotic), 3) NCK0.2 (NC diet added 0.2% herbal plant mixture (koppuul??)) and 4) PCK0.1 (PC diet added 0.1% herbal plant mixture (koppuul??)). Eighty crossbred (Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc) pigs (16.35±0.05kg average initial body weight) were used for 42 days. The pigs were assigned to the treatments according to body weight and each treatment had 5 replicates of 4 pigs per pen in a randomized complete block design. During the whole experimental period, PCK0.1 and PC treatments had significantly higher ADG than NC treatment (P<0.05). Gain/feed of pigs fed PC diet was higher than that of pigs fed NC diet (P<0.05). For blood immunological parameters investigations, white blood cells (WBC) counts and IgG level increased in the pigs fed PC, NCK0.2 and PCK0.1 diets compared to pigs fed NC diet. In addition, higher (P<0.05) serum lymphocyte concentration was found in PCK0.1 treatment compared to NC treatment. NH3-N concentration in pigs fed NCK0.2% diet was lower than that in pigs fed PC and NC diets. There were no significant differences in DM and N digestibilities among the treatments. In conclusion, the results suggested that the dietary additions of herbal plant mixture or antibiotics increase ADG, the concentrations of WBC counts and IgG, lymphocyte, while decrease NH3-N concentration in feces.
Multiple challenges during the transition phase can lead the piglets are deprived of growth, reduce feed efficiency and immune functions. In recent years, yeast culture has been used to weanling piglets as an alternative antimicrobial growth promoter. The influence of dietary supplementation with yeast culture on growth performance, fecal score and nutrient digestibility was evaluated in weaned pigs in a 6-week feeding trial. A total of 50 weaning pigs with an initial average body weight (BW) of 7.46 ± 1.60 kg were randomly allotted into 1 of 2 dietary treatments according to initial BW. There were 5 replicate pens in each treatment with 5 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments included: 1) control, basal diet (CON); 2) 0.10% yeast culture (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), basal diet supplemented with 0.1% yeast culture (YC). Duncan's multiple range test was used to compare the means of increasing yeast culture levels on the treatments. The average daily feed intake was significantly improved with the dietary supplementation of yeast culture compared with control during phases 1 (CON: 391, YC: 425) and 3 (CON: 901, YC: 937). At the overall (0 to 6 weeks), dietary supplementation with 0.1% yeast culture had significant effect on gain to feed ratio (G/F) (CON: 0.652, YC: 0.64). There was no significant difference in the fecal score between CON and YC dietary treatments. In addition, no difference on apparent total tract digestibility was observed between CON and YC dietary treatments. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that dietary supplementation of 0.1% yeast only improved feed intake of weaning pigs, but there were no effects of yeast culture supplementation on average daily gain, feed efficiency, total tract digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and energy,as well as fecal scores.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of in-feed antibiotics and synbiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microbial shedding in grower-finisher pigs. A total of 128 pigs (Duroc x [Landrace x Yorkshire]; 25.29 ± 1.33 kg) were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments were replicated using eight pens (two gilts and two barrows per pen). The dietary treatments were: 1) basal diet throughout the experiment; 2) basal diet during week 1- 6 and basal diet with synbitotic (1 g/kg probiotics and 1 g/kg prebiotic) during weeks 7–17; 3) basal diet with 1 g/kg antibiotics during weeks 1–6 and basal diet during weeks 7–17; 4) basal diet with 1 g/kg antibiotics during weeks 1–6 and basal diet with synbiotic during weeks 7–17.The antibiotics used in this study contained 100 g/kg chlortetracycline, 100 g/kg sulfathiazole, and 50 g/kg penicillin.The probiotics (INSTECH Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea) contained 109 cfu/kg Clostridium butyricum endospores, 1010 cfu/kg Bacillus subtillus endospores, and 1010 cfu/kg Rhodopseudomonas capsulate. The prebiotic (fructooligosaccharide) used in this experiment was obtained from Dreamfeed Inc., Seoul, South Korea.During weeks 1–6, pigs fed diets supplemented with antibiotics had higher average daily (661 g vs.622 g) and gain to feed ratio (0.416 vs. 0.397) compared with pigs offered basal diet (P<0.05). At week 6, pigs offered diets supplemented with antibiotics had decreased (P<0.05) fecal lactic acid bacteria counts (6.81 log10 cfu/gvs. 7.17 log10 cfu/g) and greater (P<0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (78.21% vs. 75.36%) and gross energy (76.87% vs. 74.50%) compared with those fed basal diet. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that supplementation with synbiotics in finisher phase had no effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fecal microbial shedding after supplementation with or without antibiotics in grower phase
When the swine foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine injection, there will be stress reaction. Nucleotides are low-molecular-weight, intracellular compounds that are functional to numerous biochemical processes. They have important effects on the growth and development of rapid turnover cells, such as those in the immune system especially during stressful in animals. A 6 week trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of nucleotide supplementation in reducing FMD vaccine stress so as to improve their performance and immune system health in growing pigs. A total of 120 growing pigs [(Yorkshire x Landrace) x Duroc] with an average body weight of 25.76 ± 1.83 kg were used. Pigs were allocated to 1 of 3 treatments (8 pens per treatment; 3 barrows and 2 gilts per pen) based on body weight and sex. Dietary treatments consisted of: 1) CON: basal diet/FMD vaccine; 2) NUC1: CON + Nucleotide 0.5%/FMD vaccine; and 3) NUC2: CON + Nucleotide 1.0%/FMD vaccine. The statistical analysis was performed using randomized design by GLM procedure (SAS 9.2). Orthogonal polynomials were used to assess the linear and quadratic effects of increasing dietary NUC concentrations. In the current study, overall, the pigs had a higher G/F ratio in NUC diets, which was increased linearly (P = 0.025). The digestibility of dry matter (P = 0.02) and nitrogen (P = 0.03) showed significant increase (linear) in treatments, when compared to the controls. Meanwhile, after injection, there was a significant decrease (linear) in the level of cortisol in NUC treatments (P = 0.012) compared to controls in pigs. Also the epinephrine concentration were observed to be decreased linearly in NUC treatments (P = 0.011) compared with CON diet. In conclusion, thus nucleotide have positive effect on reducing vaccine stress as well as improving performance and immune system health in growing pigs.
The dietary fat contents of food of animal origin have been studied extensively since it was found that they have an important impact on nutrient digestibility in growing pigs.The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of 1, 3-diacylglycerol (DAG) and 1, 2-diacylglycerol as exogenous emulsifiers on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profiles in growing pigs. A total of 75 crossbred [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] growing pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of 24.81 ± 1.64 were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments using a randomized complete block design based on initial BW and sex in a 6-week feeding trial. Each treatment consisted of 5 replicate pens with 5 pigs per pen. The dietary treatments included: 1) CON, corn soybean-meal based basal diets/control; 2) CON+0.20% 1,2-DAG; 3) CON+0.20% 1,3-DAG; The data were analyzed using the GLM procedureof SAS (SAS Institute, 1996) in a randomized complete block design. Pen served as the experimental unit for analysis of growth performance and nutrient digestibility data. Pre-planned contrast was used to test the following: 1) the individual effect of basal diet CON versus 1,2-DAGversus 1,3-DAG). Dietary supplementation of 1,3-DAG showed higher (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and lower (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with basal diet during the overall experiment period, while dietary supplementation of 1,3-DAG showed slight difference in overall ADG and in FCR compared with 1, 2- DAG supplemented diet. Dietary supplementation of 1,3-DAG showed higher (P
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