Larry R. Squire

University of California, San Diego

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Stuart M. Zola

Emory University

Stuart Zola‐Morgan

San Francisco VA Medical Center

Robert E. Clark

University of California, San Diego

Arthur P. Shimamura

University of California, Berkeley

Steven A. Hillyard

University of California, San Diego

Daniel L. Schacter

Harvard University

Jeri S. Janowsky

Saturday Academy

Pablo Alvarez

Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza

Ken A. Paller

Northwestern University

Elizabeth A. Buffalo

University of Washington

Cooperative Institutions

University of California, San Diego

San Francisco VA Medical Center

University of California, Los Angeles

University of California San Diego Medical Center

Boston University

United States Department of Veterans Affairs

Harvard University

University of California System

California Department of Education

VA San Diego Healthcare System

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The Neuropsychology of Memory: New Links between Humans and Experimental Animals

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1985)

Larry R. Squire Stuart Zola‐Morgan

Squire

Center (category theory)

10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb37585.x

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Citations (95)

On the acquisition of new declarative knowledge in amnesia.

Behavioral Neuroscience (1995)

Stephan Hamann Larry R. Squire

In 2 experiments, the acquisition of new declarative knowledge was examined in amnesic patients and in 7 groups of controls, with a study-only procedure that delayed testing until the conclusion of training. The study-only procedure was compared with a standard procedure in which study and test trials alternated (study-test). The amnesic patients acquired new factual (declarative) knowledge at an abnormally slow rate, learning more with the study-only procedure than with the study-test procedure. Controls exhibited the opposite pattern. The advantage of the study-only procedure for amnesic patients was related to the presence of frontal lobe dysfunction. The 2 groups exhibited a similar ability to use their knowledge flexibly, suggesting that the information acquired by amnesic patients was based on their residual capacity for declarative memory. In addition, the capacity for factual learning in amnesia was proportional to the capacity to recollect specific events in the learning session.

Declarative memory

Procedural memory

Memory disorder

10.1037//0735-7044.109.6.1027

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Citations (75)

Impaired priming of new associations in amnesia.

Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (1989)

Arthur P. Shimamura Larry R. Squire

We assessed priming of new associations in amnesic patients and healthy control subjects in a paradigm developed by Graf and Schacter (1985). Subjects were presented unrelated word pairs embedded in sentences (e.g., A BELL was hanging over the baby's CRADLE) and were asked to rate how well the sentences related the two words. Subjects were then given a word completion test. They were shown three-letter word stems and were asked to complete the stem with the first word that came to mind. In the same context condition, each word stem was presented together with the word that had appeared in the same sentence during study (e.g., BELL-CRA--). In the different context condition, each stem was presented together with a new word that had never been presented (e.g., APPLE-CRA--). Control subjects completed more words in the same context condition than in the different context condition. In contrast, amnesic patients did not complete any more words in the same context condition than in the different context condition. Indeed, across two experiments none of the amnesic patients exhibited consistent priming of new associations. Thus, although amnesic patients do exhibit entirely normal priming of preexisting memory representations, they do not appear to exhibit priming of new associations in this paradigm.

Priming (agriculture)

Implicit memory

10.1037//0278-7393.15.4.721

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Citations (174)

Independence of memory functions and emotional behavior: Separate contributions of the hippocampal formation and the amygdala

Hippocampus (1991)

Stuart Zola‐Morgan Larry R. Squire Robert P. Clower Pablo Alvarez‐Royo

Structures and connections in the medial temporal lobe of humans and nonhuman primates have long been recognized as important for normal memory and emotional behavior. The present study investigated memory and emotional behavior in normal monkeys and six groups of monkeys with lesions of the medial temporal lobe. Two groups had damage to the hippocampal formation (or adjacent perirhinal and parahippocampal cortex) but not the amygdaloid complex; two groups had either partial or complete damage to the amygdaloid complex but not the hippocampal formation; and two groups had damage to both the hippocampal formation and the amygdaloid complex. Memory was evaluated with three tasks sensitive to human amnesia: (1) delayed nonmatching to sample; (2) retention of object discriminations; and (3) concurrent discrimination learning. Emotional behavior was assessed by measuring the responsiveness of monkeys to 12 different stimulus situations. Damage to the hippocampal formation or anatomically related cortex impaired memory but did not affect emotional behavior. Partial or complete damage to the amygdaloid complex affected emotional behavior but not memory. These findings show that memory impairment and abnormal emotional behavior are anatomically dissociable and independent effects of damage to the medial temporal lobe.

Perirhinal cortex

Anterograde amnesia

10.1002/hipo.450010208

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Citations (271)

The anatomy of amnesia

Trends in Neurosciences (1980)

Larry R. Squire

10.1016/0166-2236(80)90021-1

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Citations (23)

On the course of forgetting in very long-term memory.

Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (1989)

Larry R. Squire

For practical reasons, little information is available about memory across very long learning-retention intervals. To determine the time course of forgetting in very long-term memory, a memory test was constructed that sampled events (former one-season television programs) that had occurred during a single year from 1 to 15 years ago. Updated versions of the test were administered each year for 9 consecutive years, and a forgetting curve was then calculated by superimposing the results from the nine tests. The best fitting function to the curve was monotonic and nonlinear. The findings show that forgetting in very long-term memory can be gradual and continuous for many years after learning.

Long-term memory

Learning curve

10.1037//0278-7393.15.2.241

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Citations (105)

Retinal ganglion cells: Receptive fields: Encyclopedia of Neuroscience

John B. Troy Larry R. Squire

Encyclopedia

Source

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Citations (1)

Declarative Memory, Neural Basis of

Elsevier eBooks (2015)

Elizabeth A. Buffalo Larry R. Squire

Basis (linear algebra)

Declarative memory

10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.51005-8

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Citations (1)

P3-like brain waves in normal monkeys and in monkeys with medial temporal lesions.

Behavioral Neuroscience (1988)

Ken A. Paller Stuart Zola‐Morgan Larry R. Squire Steven A. Hillyard

The human brain produces a characteristic electrical response to relevant events that occur unexpectedly. Recent reports have suggested that a prominent part of this event-related brain potential--the P3 wave--may be related to memory functions and may arise from activity within the medial temporal lobe, especially the hippocampus. The latter idea was tested by means of epidural recordings of brain waves in monkeys. Responses to deviant auditory stimuli bore a close resemblance to P3 waves recorded from human subjects under comparable conditions. Monkeys with bilateral lesions of the medial temporal lobe still produced P3-like brain waves, which indicates that medial temporal brain structures are not critical for their generation.

Brain waves

Human brain

10.1037/0735-7044.102.5.714

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Citations (90)

Probabilistic classification learning in amnesia.

Learning & Memory (1994)

Barbara J. Knowlton Larry R. Squire Mark A. Gluck

Amnesic patients and control subjects participated in a study of probabilistic classification learning. In each of three tasks, four different cues were each probabilistically associated with one of two outcomes. On each trial, the cues could appear alone or in combination with other cues and subjects selected the outcome they thought was correct. Feedback was provided after each trial. In each task, the amnesic patients learned gradually to associate the cues with the appropriate outcome at the same rate as control subjects, improving from 50% correct to approximately 65% correct. Presumably because the cue-outcome associations were probabilistic, declarative memory for the outcomes of specific trials was not as useful for performance as the information gradually accrued across trials. Nevertheless, declarative memory does appear to make a contribution to performance when training is extended beyond approximately 50 trials, because with further training control subjects eventually outperformed the amnesic patients. It was also demonstrated that performance on the probabilistic classification task was not the result of holding knowledge of cue-outcome associations in short-term memory, because both control subjects and amnesic patients demonstrated significant savings when testing was interrupted by a 5-min delay (experiment 2). Probabilistic classification learning appears to provide an analog in human subjects for the habit learning tasks that can be acquired normally by animals with hippocampal lesions.

Probabilistic classification

Memory disorder

Declarative memory

10.1101/lm.1.2.106

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Citations (604)