Robert M. Bowker

Michigan State University

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Co-Authors

J.D. Coulter

University of Iowa

Karin N. Westlund

University of New Mexico

Ioana M. Sonea

Michigan State University

Kimberly K. Van Wulfen

Michigan State University

Kelly B. Vex

Michigan State University

John P. Caron

Michigan State University

Keith E. Linder

MetroHealth Medical Center

Lisa S. Lancaster

Island Institute

M.C. Sullivan

The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston

Michael G. Ziegler

University of California San Diego Medical Center

Cooperative Institutions

Michigan State University

University of Pennsylvania

Colorado State University

Washington State University

University of California, Davis

Cornell University

National Institutes of Health

Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital

The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston

John Wiley & Sons (United States)

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Evaluation of tachykinins and their receptors to determine sensory innervation in the dorsal hoof wall and insertion of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament and deep digital flexor tendon on the distal phalanx in healthy feet of horses

American Journal of Veterinary Research (2002)

Kimberly K. Van Wulfen Robert M. Bowker

Objective—To localize substance P (SP) and neurokinin A (NKA) and their receptors in the insertion of the distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL), deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), and dorsal hoof wall of healthy feet of horses. Sample Population—18 healthy feet from horses. Procedure—Samples from the dorsal hoof wall and insertion of the DSIL and DDFT of 10 feet were processed for immunocytochemical analysis, using rabbit polyclonal antisera raised against SP and NKA. Tissue sections from 8 feet were incubated with I125-labeled SP to localize tachykinin receptors and their specificity and with control solutions of radioactive SP and excess nonradioactive SP to identify areas of nonspecific binding. Results—Many nerves immunoreactive for SP and NKA were localized to the region of the insertion of the DSIL and DDFT and the accompanying microvasculature and arteriovenous complexes (AVC) as well as to the microvasculature of the dorsal hoof wall. Specific neurokinin 1 receptors were localized over the microvessels and AVC of the insertion zone and small microvessels of the hoof wall. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These results document that the microvasculature of the equine foot is richly innervated and has specific receptors for tachykinins. Distributions of these tachykinin receptors on the microvasculature suggest that they form an important vasodilatory mechanism for controlling blood flow through the DSIL-DDFT insertion and dorsal hoof wall. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:222–228)

Hoof

Mechanoreceptor

10.2460/ajvr.2002.63.222

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Citations (17)

Intracortical Connectivities of Somatic Sensory and Motor Areas

Humana Press eBooks (1981)

Robert M. Bowker J.D. Coulter

The identification of multiple cortical areas involved in different aspects of somatic sensory and motor function has naturally led to interest in the relations between these areas. At the level of the cortex itself, connections between the different areas are formed by extensive ipsilateral intracortical pathways, which allow interactions between different areas, directly or via less direct routes through the basal ganglia, thalamus and cerebellum.

Motor area

10.1007/978-1-4612-5811-7_8

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Citations (26)

JLL volume 3 issue 1 Cover and Back matter

International Journal of Law Libraries (1975)

Robert M. Bowker

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Content (measure theory)

10.1017/s0340045x00011813

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Origins of spinal noradrenergic pathways demonstrated by retrograde transport of antibody to dopamine-β-hydroxylase

Neuroscience Letters (1981)

Karin N. Westlund Robert M. Bowker Michael G. Ziegler Joe Dan Coulter

Locus coeruleus

Pons

Adrenergic Neurons

Medulla

Locus Ceruleus

10.1016/0304-3940(81)90399-2

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Citations (109)

The microvasculature in the equine distal phalanx: Implications for fracture healing

Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology (2014)

S. M. Schade Robert M. Bowker Steven P. Arnoczky

Summary To describe the intra-osseous microvasculature of the distal phalanx of the equine forelimb with regard to its potential clinical relevance. Eleven clinically normal equine forelimbs were used from six adult horses (range: 4 to 18 years old) euthanatized for reasons unrelated to lameness. In each limb the median artery was catheterized at the level of the carpus and India ink was injected under constant manual pressure. The limbs were frozen and 5 mm thick sections of the foot were cut in the sagittal, coronal, or transverse planes on a band saw. The sections were fixed in 10% formalin and cleared using a modified Spalteholz technique. Once cleared, the sections were photographed and the microvascular anatomy identified. The vascular injections revealed a rich intra-osseous microvascular supply of the distal phalanx originating from the medial and lateral palmar digital arteries. In addition, numerous smaller vessels from the terminal arch, formed by anastomosis of the medial and lateral palmar digital arteries, could be seen branching into the distal aspects of the distal phalanx. This distal portion of the distal phalanx appeared more densely vascularized than the proximal part in all specimens examined. The increased vascularity demonstrated in the distal portion of the distal phalanx appears to correlate with improved fracture healing reported in this area. This may also explain why healing fractures which involve both the distal and proximal portions of the distal phalanx have been described as progressing from distal-to-proximal.

Phalanx

Vascularity

Clearance

Numerical digit

Forelimb

10.3415/vcot-13-08-0105

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Citations (6)

The startle reflex and PGO spikes

Brain Research (1976)

Robert M. Bowker Adrian R. Morrison

Sleep

10.1016/0006-8993(76)90586-2

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Citations (122)

Developmental changes in epidermal laminae and tubules of equine hoof wall in the term fetus and young horse

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science (2013)

Robert M. Bowker Erin Haas Lisa S. Lancaster

Hoof

10.1016/j.jevs.2013.08.017

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The Arab State, Identity, and Social Progress

Palgrave Macmillan eBooks (2013)

Robert M. Bowker

10.1057/9781137031761.0017

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Damage to bulbospinal serotonin‐, tyrosine hydroxylase‐, and TRH‐containing axons occurs early in the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats

Journal of Neuroscience Research (1990)

S.R. White G.K. Samathanam Robert M. Bowker Martin W. Wessendorf

Abstract Spinal cord monoaminergic and peptidergic axonal damage occurring during the development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Spinal cord axons immunoreactive for serotonin, catecholamines, or a thyrotropin‐releasing hormone marker peptide were found to be markedly swollen and distorted by the earliest stage of detectable paralysis during EAE development (the flaccid tail stage). As clinical signs progressed to complete hindlimb paralysis, axonal damage became increasingly extensive. Axonal damage was equally pronounced whether EAE was induced by inoculation with purified myelin basic protein or with whole spinal cord homogenate, suggesting that the damage did not result from an immune attack directed against specific monoaminergic and/or peptidergic antigens present in the inoculant. However, two observations suggested that mechanical or chemical factors associated with the inflammatory foci contribute to the axonal damage: first, distorted axons were nearly always located adjacent to blood vessels or the pial surface, sites at which inflammation occurs during EAE. Second, the severity of axonal damage correlated with the severity of the inflammation. The early onset of axonal damage during development of EAE and the close correlation that was found between the severity of axonal damage and the severity of clinical signs suggested that the axonal damage may contribute to the clinical signs of the disease.

Monoaminergic

Encephalomyelitis

Brain damage

10.1002/jnr.490270114

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Citations (15)

Descending serotonergic, peptidergic and cholinergic pathways from the raphe nuclei: A multiple transmitter complex

Brain Research (1983)

Robert M. Bowker Karin N. Westlund M.C. Sullivan John F. Wilber J.D. Coulter

Serotonergic cell groups

Raphe

Raphe nuclei

Dorsal raphe nucleus

Nucleus raphe magnus

10.1016/0006-8993(83)90079-3

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Citations (370)