Methodological rigor remains a priority in preclinical cardiovascular research to ensure experimental reproducibility and high-quality research. Limited reproducibility diminishes the translation of preclinical discoveries into medical practice. In addition, lack of reproducibility fosters uncertainty in the public's acceptance of reported research results.We evaluated the reporting of methodological practices in preclinical cardiovascular research studies published in leading scientific journals by screening articles for the inclusion of the following study design elements (SDEs): considering sex as a biological variable, randomization, blinding, and sample size power estimation. We screened for these SDEs across articles regarding preclinical cardiovascular research studies published between 2011 and 2021. We replicated and extended a study published in 2017 by Ramirez et al. We hypothesized a higher SDE inclusion across preclinical studies over time, that preclinical studies that include human and animal substudies within the same study will exhibit greater SDE inclusion than animal-only preclinical studies, and that a difference exists in SDE usage between large and small animal models.SDE inclusion was low; with 15.2% of animal-only studies including both sexes as a biological variable, 30.4% including randomization, 32.1% including blinding, and 8.2% including sample size estimation. The incorporation of SDEs did not significantly increase over the ten-year timeframe in the screened articles. Randomization and sample size estimation differed significantly between animal and human substudies (corrected p=1.85e-05 and corrected p=3.81e-07, respectively.)Evidence of methodological rigor varies depending on the study type and model organisms used. From 2011-2021, SDE reporting within preclinical studies has not increased, suggesting more work is needed to foster the inclusion of rigorous study design elements in cardiovascular research.
In June 1997 an industry consortium announced that it was working on a mobile extension of the Open Group's Network Computer Reference Profile (NCRP) to address the unique requirements of the many new mobile computing devices. This specification will propose a set of standards for developers deploying a Java based light weight network computing solution for mobile use. It will also include a new set of trimmed down Java APIs to support disconnected operation, secure remote access, manage power requirements, and ensure device adaptivity to different network environments. The Network Computer Reference Specification (NCRS) defined a network computer (NC) as a lightweight, ubiquitous, extensible, secure, and easy to administer system using widely deployed technologies such as HTTP, HTML, and Java to ensure universality. The Mobile Network Computer Reference Specification (MNCRS) extends the concept of a network computer to define a mobile network computer (MNC). The extension will define open standards that specify APIs visible to applications, network protocols, and server interactions. Naturally, these standards will have implications for software developers, original equipment manufacturers, operating system vendors, and service providers. Since the intent is to enable MNCs and servers from various manufacturers to interoperate, the consortium will adopt industry standards wherever possible. Accordingly, ongoing convergence efforts with entities such as the NCRP and the Internet Engineering Task Force are intended to avoid duplication of efforts in overlapping areas such as security, communications, tunneling.
This document is an account of the rationale behind the Mobile IPv6
(MIPv6) Route Optimization security design. The purpose of this
document is to present the thinking and to preserve the reasoning
behind the Mobile IPv6 security design in 2001 - 2002. The document
has two target audiences: (1) helping MIPv6 implementors to better
understand the design choices in MIPv6 security procedures, and (2)
allowing people dealing with mobility or multi-homing to avoid a
number of potential security pitfalls in their designs. This memo
provides information for the Internet community.
This document contains an SLP service type template that describes the advertisements made by RSIP servers for their services. Service Location Protocol (SLP) is an IETF standards track protocol specifically designed to allow clients to find servers offering particular services. Since RSIP (Realm Specific IP) clients require a mechanism to discover RSIP servers, SLP is a natural match for a solution. The service type template is the basis for an Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) standard definition of the advertisements offered by RSIP servers, an important step toward interoperability.
Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) allows a mobile node to talk directly to its peers while retaining the ability to move around and change the currently used IP address. This mode of operation is called route optimization (RO), as it allows the packets to traverse a shorter route than the default one through the home agent. In route optimization, the peer node learns a binding between the mobile node's permanent home address and its current temporary care-of-address. Once such a binding is in place, the peer node will send all packets whose destination is the home address to the care-of-address. This is potentially dangerous, since a malicious host might be able to establish false bindings, thereby preventing some packets from reaching their intended destination, diverting some traffic to the attacker, or flooding third parties with unwanted traffic. In this paper we discuss the design rationale behind the MIPv6 route optimization security design.
This document provides advice to the designers of digital communication equipment, link-layer protocols, and packet-switched local networks (collectively referred to as subnetworks), who wish to support the Internet protocols but may be unfamiliar with the Internet architecture and the implications of their design choices on the performance and efficiency of the Internet.
Methodological rigor is a major priority in preclinical cardiovascular research to ensure experimental reproducibility and high quality research. Lack of reproducibility results in diminished translation of preclinical discoveries into medical practice and wastes resources. In addition, lack of reproducibility fosters uncertainty in the public's acceptance of reported research results.We evaluate the reporting of rigorous methodological practices in preclinical cardiovascular research studies published in leading scientific journals by screening articles for the inclusion of the following key study design elements (SDEs): considering sex as a biological variable, randomization, blinding, and sample size power estimation. We have specifically chosen to screen for these SDEs across articles pertaining to preclinical cardiovascular research studies published between 2011 and 2021. Our study replicates and extends a study published in 2017 by Ramirez et al. We hypothesized that there would be higher SDE inclusion across preclinical studies over time, that preclinical studies that also include human and animal substudies within the same study will exhibit greater SDE inclusion than animal-only preclinical studies, and that there will be a difference in SDE usage between large and small animal models.Overall, inclusion of SDEs was low. 15.2% of animal only studies included both sexes as a biological variable, 30.4% included randomization, 32.1% included blinding, and 8.2% included sample size estimation. Incorporation of SDE in preclinical studies did not significantly increase over the ten year time period in the articles we assessed. Although the inclusion of sex as a biological variable increased over the 10 year time frame, that change was not significant (p=0.411, corrected p=8.22). These trends were consistent across journals. Reporting of randomization and sample size estimation differs significantly between animal and human substudies (corrected p=3.690e-06 and corrected p=7.252e-08, respectively.) Large animal studies had a significantly greater percentage of blinding reported when compared to small animal studies (corrected p=0.01.) Additionally, overall, large animal studies tended to have higher SDE usage.In summary, evidence of methodological rigor varies substantially depending on the study type and model organisms used. Over the time period of 2011-2021, the reporting of SDEs within preclinical cardiovascular studies has not improved and suggests extensive evaluation of other SDEs used in cardiovascular research. Limited incorporation of SDEs within research hinders experimental reproducibility that is critical to future research.
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