Understanding the noise characteristics for finding appropriate filtering technique/s so as to obtain sufficiently clear speech samples for Speaker Identification, is one of the challenging tasks in Forensic Acoustics.Speaker's idiosyncratic speech should not be affected when the noise reduction is carried out; otherwise, Speaker Identification becomes highly erroneous.We have collected fifty noisy speech samples reported to be recorded in different modes from actual crime cases received in the laboratory.The samples are analyzed after subjecting to various filtering techniques and compared with the clear speech mixed with the noise collected from non-speech portion.Distortion levels on the speech are studied at various stages of application of filters in terms of SNR and Speaker Specific Information.Retaining the Speaker Specific Information as primary concern of our study, the limitation of filtering techniques depending on the characteristic and intensity level of noise is worked out for noisy speech samples.Subsequently a statistical study is also conducted.Listening tests were conducted to ensure that the perceptual features of the original noisy speech are preserved while applying filters.This work demonstrates the efficiency of Noise reduction filters in improving SNR and their controlled applications for preserving Speaker dependent features depending on the various noise characteristics embedded on speech samples.
The perfect difference codes minimize the Phase Induced Intensity Noise (PIIN) and cancel the multiple access interference.Earlier researchers analyze the performance of OCDMA systems considering three noises namely PIIN, shot and thermal noise for 3D Perfect Difference Codes (PDC) for OCDMA system.In this research paper we have considered two more noises i.e. 1/f and generation recombination noise for 3D PDC based OCDMA system.Mathematical analysis has been done and the performance of the system has been evaluated for higher data rates i.e. 1Gbps to 10Gbps for minimum BER -9 .
By combining the different monitoring and automation techniques available today, we can develop cutting-edge internet of things (IoT) systems that can support sustainable development through smart agriculture. Systems are able to monitor the farming areas and react to the parameters being monitored on their own without the presence of human beings. This automation can result in a more precise way of maintaining the aspects that affect the growth of plants, leading to an increase in the food production on farmlands. This chapter focuses on IOT for automation in smart agriculture and provides a pathway to develop automation system in the smart environment.