The Lesser Himalayan belt is an integral part of the Paleoproterozoic northernmost Indian Block (NIB), which is composed of granite, granite gneiss, meta-mafics, and massive pink and grey quartzites.They are also exposed in the outer Kumaun Lesser Himalaya.A peculiar highly chloritized lithological unit occurs in and around Laugar close proximity to these lithounits and appears similar to the fine to porphyritic mafic volcanics, which contain pronounced xenocrysts of feldspars and quartz embedded in a fine-grained matrix.In the published records, the same lithological unit is termed as porphyroid or keratophyre and remains elusive in terms of its nomenclature and stratigraphic position.Does the so-called porphyroid or keratophyre represent assimilation and mixing?This paper addresses this question based on field relation, petrographic features, and zircon U-Pb-Lu-Hf-O isotopic investigations.The field and petrographic observation suggest that volcanic rocks exposed in the outer Kumaun Lesser Himalaya are a composite suite of mafic volcanics, intermediate trachyte porphyry (porphyroid or keratophyre), and ignimbrites, which may be genetically related.They show mixing, assimilation and devolatilization-related petrographic features.The chronological records of assimilated zircons (1.81 Ga) in the trachyte porphyry are identical to the primary zircon ages (1.88-1.85Ga) of Amritpur granites, which underline the assimilation and mixing process.This is consistent with the field and petrographic evidence.The assimilation leads to profuse devolatilization forming the barren silicic and pegmatite veins which are evident in the field.Chondritic to sub-chondritic zircon εHf t values of the Amritpur granite (-0.5 to -4.9) and trachyte porphyry (+2.9 to -3.2) with T DM (2.6 to 2.3 Ga), zircon inheritance (2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 Ga), and higher zircon ∂ 18 O ‰ values (8.51 ± 0.50) also support our hypothesis.The isotopic results also narrate a long crustal evolutionary history of NIB.It is suggested that 1.9 to 1.8 Ga bimodal magmatism is produced by the reworking of older crustal components, accompanied by mantle input.The development of successive marginal rift basins allows the penecontemporaneous deposition of continent-derived and mafic volcanogenic sediments.Assimilation and mixing played a dominant role in 1.8-1.9Ga bimodal magmatism and crustal evolution of NIB.
There have been many studies and experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of different types of dental treatment. Maxillary canine extraction is such a dental treatment which can be performed through either alveolar corticotomy (AC) or piezocision (PZ). The current study aims to compare the effectiveness of these two types of dental procedures. It is based on a randomized clinical trial (RCT) through the split-mouth technique supported by a parallel group design. The participants in the trial were selected on the basis of a medical criterion. The clinical trial involved extraction of both the first maxillary premolar teeth through use of orthodontic instruments. This study aims to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of alveolar corticotomy and piezocision corticotomy in acceleration of maxillary canine retraction and how it can be used for expression of multiple bone remodeling gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). As part of this study, a RCT was performed on the basis of split-mouth technique at the Department of Orthodontics of Pontifical Catholic University at Minas Gerais in Brazil. The sample size for the clinical trial consisted of people who required extraction of maxillary premolar teeth after canine extraction. After digital intraoral scans, the cumulative distal movement of canines was measured on the basis of superimposition of digital model and the results were considered as the primary outcome of the study. The GCF bone remodeling samples were considered as the secondary outcomes.50 patients, involving 22 males and 28 females were analyzed in this particular clinical trial. The age range that was considered for this clinical trial was 19-33 years. In case of understanding the distal movement between control and AC, no statistical significance was observed in Group1 (G1). Lower cumulative cervical and incisal measurements in case of PZ was lower than the measurement in the control state. In all the groups, the expression of the biomarkers had occurred in specific timepoints (P < 0.05) but no distinct pattern was observed.In order to accelerate the maxillary canine retraction, PZ and AC were ineffective. No distinct induction pattern of biomarker expression was noted as well.
This descriptive study aimed to assess the level of knowledge regarding national geriatric health care policies among elderly people in a selected rural area of Haridwar. Geriatric health care is an important aspect of ensuring the well-being and quality of life for the elderly, a population that is often dependent on external support due to the aging process. The study was conducted among 80 participants aged 60 years and above using a non-probability purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through a self-structured questionnaire designed to evaluate knowledge of national policies such as the Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme, Atal Pension Yojana, Ayushman Bharat Yojana, and others. The results indicated that the majority (65%) of the elderly had average knowledge, while 35% had poor knowledge of these policies, and no participant demonstrated a high level of knowledge. Further analysis revealed no significant association between the level of knowledge and demographic factors such as age, gender, education, and income. This lack of awareness suggests a pressing need for greater dissemination of information regarding geriatric health care policies in rural communities, where elderly people may be particularly vulnerable to poor health outcomes due to limited access to healthcare and support services. The study concludes that improving awareness and access to these policies can empower the elderly to better utilize available resources, ultimately improving their health and well-being. The findings highlight the need for targeted health education programs and policy-level interventions to bridge the knowledge gap in rural areas. Future research should explore larger populations and examine strategies to effectively increase policy awareness among the elderly.
The Experiment was carried out at the field of S.Boota Singh at village Midda Tehsil Malout and District Shri Muktsar Sahib. The crop was grown in Rabi season of 2017-18 to study the effect of different sowing methods on yield of wheat crop. The crop was sown on November 20, 2017. The following treatments are T1 (HD-3086 Broadcast sowing), T2 (HD-3086 Bi-directional sowing at 22.5 cm spacing), T3 (HD-3086 Direction sowing at 15 cm spacing), T4 (PBW-725 Broadcast sowing), T5 (PBW-725 Bi-directional sowing at 22.5 cm spacing), T6 (PBW-725 Bi-directional sowing at 15 cm spacing) treatment. The experiment concluded that among the treatments T6 has performed better in parameters like plant height (107.2 cm), dry matter accumulation (21.6g), 1000 grain weight (42.3g), yield per acre (27.2q) and harvesting index (45.94%). It is concluded from the experiment that higher yield can be obtained by bi-direction method of sowing at 15 cm spacing.
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