Objective measurement of gaze pattern and eye movement during untethered activity has important applications for neuroscience research and neurological disease detection. Current commercial eye-tracking tools rely on desk-top devices with infrared emitters and conventional frame-based cameras. Although wearable options do exist, the large power-consumption from their conventional cameras limit true long-term mobile usage. The query-driven Dynamic Vision Sensor (qDVS) is a neuromorphic camera which dramatically reduces power consumption by outputting only intensity-change threshold events, as opposed to full frames of intensity data. However, such hardware has not yet been implemented for on-body eye-tracking, but the feasibility can be demonstrated using a mathematical simulator to evaluate the eye-tracking ca-pabilities of the qDVS under controlled conditions. Specifically, a framework utilizing a realistic human eye model in the 3D graphics engine, Unity, is presented to enable the controlled and direct comparison of image-based gaze tracking methods. Eye-tracking based on qDVS frames was compared against two different conventional frame eye-tracking methods - the traditional ellipse pupil-fitting algorithm and a deep learning neural network inference model. Gaze accuracy from qDVS frames achieved an average of 93.2% for movement along the primary horizontal axis (pitch angle) and 93.1 % for movement along the primary vertical axis (yaw angle) under 4 different illumination conditions, demonstrating the feasibility for using qDVS hardware cameras for such applications. The quantitative framework for the direct comparison of eye tracking algorithms presented here is made open-source and can be extended to include other eye parameters, such as pupil dilation, reflection, motion artifact, and more.
This paper essentially talks about the concept of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) and its various legal dimensions, perspectives and theories. This paper commences with the introduction to the UCC; its definition, concept and its origin and how the ruling colonial government was partly reluctant to cover this aspect in Codification. It further discusses the need or desire for the UCC considering the diverse nature of the country where touching something like religious affairs can be so volatile. Moreover, the paper discusses about the relationship of the UCC with Secularism and the fact that constitution has specifically mentioned in Directive Principles of State Policy. Further, we discuss whether UCC should be implemented and what are the pros and cons of the same and how the implementation of the UCC may lead to the breakdown of the peace and harmony among the people if imposed. Another aspect that the paper covers is the constitutionality of UCC, judgement and the take of the Indian Judiciary towards the UCC. Finally, the paper concludes with certain sets of recommendations that might go along with ensuring the harmony of the country whilst implementing the personal laws along with UCC.
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