One strategy to reduce postharvest losses of fruits to pathogens is to introduce organisms with biological control capabilities. Our objective was to determine the effectiveness of two yeast isolates in inhibiting lesion development caused by Botrytis cinerea (Bc) on freshly harvested apples differing in maturity. `Golden Delicious' apples were harvested on 29 Aug., 23 Sept., and 10 Oct. 1995. Apples receiving the seven treatments [control, wound, Cryptococcus humicola (Ch), Sporobolomyces roseus (Sr), Bc, Ch + Bc, Sr + Bc] were placed in plastic boxes with damp paper towels. Each day for 7 days, ethylene production and lesion diameter at the wound were recorded. Ethylene production was not affected by treatment, and increased with later harvest date. Lesion diameter on apples treated with Bc was smaller on the first harvest than on the second and third harvests. Sr provided partial control on the second and third harvests, and Ch completely inhibited lesion development except for day 7 of the third harvest.

10.21273/hortsci.32.7.1235

Cite

Citations (2)

Key Shale Gas Water Management Strategies: An Economic Assessment Tool

International Conference on Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (2012)

James Slutz Jeffrey A. Anderson Richard Broderick Patrick Horner

Abstract As a result of recent innovations in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing, shale gas has become an important global energy supply. However, water consumption and disposal issues associated with shale gas development, coupled with industry growth, are creating a need for sophisticated water management strategies. Current shale gas water management strategies fall into three key categories: disposal, re-use, and recycling. Disposal strategies involve sourcing fresh water for hydraulic fracturing and transporting all frac flowback and produced water to an injection well for disposal. Re-use strategies involve primary treatment of frac flowback, so it can be blended with make-up water for re-use as frac fluid. Recycling strategies involve treating the flowback to fresh water quality, either for re-use in hydraulic fracturing or for environmental discharge. This paper will analyze the total life cycle water management costs per frac by comparing the options and costs of water supply; water transportation; cost and options for disposal, re-use, and recycling; impact of water quality on frac chemical costs; the impact of water quality on frac performance and long-term well performance. This paper will also identify other impacts, including safety, public perception, community impact, and environmental liability.

Shale Gas

Produced water

10.2118/157532-ms

Cite

Citations (62)

CAPRISA 004 Tenofovir Microbicide Trial: No Impact of Tenofovir Gel on the HIV Transmission Bottleneck

The Journal of Infectious Diseases (2012)

Ziyaad Valley‐Omar Sengeziwe Sibeko Jeffrey A. Anderson Sarah Goodier Lise Werner

Alterations of the genital mucosal barrier may influence the number of viruses transmitted from a human immunodeficiency virus–infected source host to the newly infected individual. We used heteroduplex tracking assay and single-genome sequencing to investigate the effect of a tenofovir-based microbicide gel on the transmission bottleneck in women who seroconverted during the CAPRISA 004 microbicide trial. Seventy-seven percent (17 of 22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 56%–90%) of women in the tenofovir gel arm were infected with a single virus compared with 92% (13 of 14; 95% CI, 67%–>99%) in the placebo arm (P = .37). Tenofovir gel had no discernable impact on the transmission bottleneck.

Tenofovir

Heteroduplex

10.1093/infdis/jis305

Cite

Citations (16)

Recurrent Signature Patterns in HIV-1 B Clade Envelope Glycoproteins Associated with either Early or Chronic Infections

PLoS Pathogens (2011)

S. Gnanakaran Tanmoy Bhattacharya Marcus Daniels Brandon F. Keele Peter Hraber

Here we have identified HIV-1 B clade Envelope (Env) amino acid signatures from early in infection that may be favored at transmission, as well as patterns of recurrent mutation in chronic infection that may reflect common pathways of immune evasion. To accomplish this, we compared thousands of sequences derived by single genome amplification from several hundred individuals that were sampled either early in infection or were chronically infected. Samples were divided at the outset into hypothesis-forming and validation sets, and we used phylogenetically corrected statistical strategies to identify signatures, systematically scanning all of Env. Signatures included single amino acids, glycosylation motifs, and multi-site patterns based on functional or structural groupings of amino acids. We identified signatures near the CCR5 co-receptor-binding region, near the CD4 binding site, and in the signal peptide and cytoplasmic domain, which may influence Env expression and processing. Two signatures patterns associated with transmission were particularly interesting. The first was the most statistically robust signature, located in position 12 in the signal peptide. The second was the loss of an N-linked glycosylation site at positions 413–415; the presence of this site has been recently found to be associated with escape from potent and broad neutralizing antibodies, consistent with enabling a common pathway for immune escape during chronic infection. Its recurrent loss in early infection suggests it may impact fitness at the time of transmission or during early viral expansion. The signature patterns we identified implicate Env expression levels in selection at viral transmission or in early expansion, and suggest that immune evasion patterns that recur in many individuals during chronic infection when antibodies are present can be selected against when the infection is being established prior to the adaptive immune response.

10.1371/journal.ppat.1002209

Cite

Citations (124)