An experiment was conducted at the Research Farm of the Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan during the winter season of 2018-19 with the objective to evaluate weed dynamics, growth, and productivity of wheat crop under stale seedbed.This experiment was held under RCBD with three replications.The study consisted of eight treatments viz: T 1 : stale seedbed + no herbicide, T 2 : stale seedbed + glyphosate @ 711 a.i mL ha -1 , T 3 : stale seedbed + paraquat-dichloride @ 494 a.i mL ha -1 , T 4 : stale seedbed + atlantis (mesosulfuron-methyl and iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium) @ 15 a.i g ha -1 , T 5 : stale seedbed + glyphosate @ 356 a.i mL ha -1 + paraquat @ 247 a.i mL ha -1 , T 6 : stale seedbed + glyphosate @ 356 a.i mL ha -1 + atlantis @ 7.5 a.i g ha -1 , T 7 : stale seedbed + paraquat @ 247 a.i mL ha -1 + atlantis @ 7.5 a.i g ha -1 , T 8 : stale seedbed + glyphosate @ 237 a.i mL ha -1 + paraquat @ 165 a.i mL ha -1 + atlantis @ 5 a.i g ha -1 .The highest WCE (84%), HEI (13.01),P n (13.83 µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 ) and g s (234.33 mmol m -2 s -1 ) was recorded in plots treated with glyphosate + paraquat + atlantis.The highest NAR (3.60 gm -2 day -1 ), LAI (4.82), GCR (7.87 gm - 2 day -1 ), LAD (186.43 days) was recorded in the treatment Stale seedbed + glyphosate + paraquat + atlantis.This treatment depicted the highest productive tillers m -2 (246.33),grains spike -1 (53.67), 100-grains weight (31.88 g), and grain yield 40% (4.65 Tons ha -1 ) in comparison with the no herbicide treated plots.From this study, it is concluded that using the stale seedbed, pre-and post-emergence herbicides in reduced doses can restrict weeds growth till 40 DAS to maximize wheat productivity.
Among the cereals, wheat is a key crop fulfilling the food demand of millions of masses around the globe. Late sowing in wheat is the most yield-limiting factor causing 35% yield losses. One approach to compensate for yield losses is boosting crop growth by the application of growth regulators. We checked the role of sorghum water extract that can act as plant-based growth regulators in wheat planted at various dates to cover a wide sowing window. A trial under controlled condition was conducted at the glass house facility of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan during 2021-2022. Wheat cultivar Akbar 2019 was sown with an interval of 7 days starting from October 29 to December 03. A pre-determined level of sorghum water extract at 3% concentration was foliar-applied at 30 days after sowing. For comparison, un-treated pots were applied with water spray. Collected data revealed that significantly higher grain yield was obtained from the pot that were sown on November 19 and treated with sorghum water extract followed by same sowing date but was untreated. Data further explained that grain yield and other yield related traits significantly reduced in late planted wheat when compared with timely plantation of wheat. Results concluded that sorghum water extract is a potential plant regulator and its foliar application can enhance the yield of timely as well late planted wheat but for getting maximum yield foliar application should done at timely plantation of wheat at November 19.
Majority of Pakistani soils are deficient in phosphorus. Phosphorus is usually applied in form of synthetic fertilizer. However integrated use of P from synthetic and organic sources can be more profitable and beneficial on sustainable basis. Field trials were conducted at research farm University of Poonch, Rawalakot, AJK, Pakistan for two consecutive years to check the comparative effects of synthetic fertilizer and organic manures applied alone and in combinations on the phosphorus use efficiency (PUE), wheat yield and yield components. Shafaq-06 cultivar of wheat was used as test cultivar. Ten treatments were included: (I) Control (P 0 ) without application of fertilizer; (II) SSP @ 60 kg/ha (P 60SSP ); (III) SSP @ 90 kg/ha (P 90SSP ); (IV) SSP @ 120 kg/ha (P 120SSP ); (V) PM @60 kg/ha (P 60PM ); (VI) PM @90 kg/ha (P 90PM ); (VII) PM @120 kg/ha (P 120PM ); (VIII) SSP @30 kg/ha + PM @30 kg/ha (P 30SSP+30PM ); (IX) SSP @45 kg/ha + PM @45 kg/ha (P 45SSP+45PM ); (X) SSP @60 kg/ha + PM @60 kg/ha (P 60SSP+60PM ) which were laid out under the Randomized Complete Block Design. Significantly higher values for yield of grain (2397 kg/ha) was recorded with PM + SSP @ 60 kg P 2 O 5 ha -1 each. Likewise, FPUE, PIR of wheat and AFPUE was quite higher with combined use of PM and SSP i.e. P 60SSP+60PM treatment. Additionally, increase in PUE, wheat yield and yield components associated with combined treated plot would help to minimize the use of high cost synthetic mineral fertilizers and represents an environmentally and agronomically sound management strategy.
Chocolate is the most popular food type and flavor in this world. The key ingredient in many chocolate products is cocoa butter due to its unique fatty acid profile. Due to the expensive nature of cocoa butter, it has stimulated extensive research for fats that are cheaper and more easily available and can be used as cocoa butter substitutes. The mango (Mangifera indica) is known as the king of fruit due to its rich nutritive profile. The major parts of mango fruit are peel, pulp, and seed. Mango seed is usually discarded as waste which is a source of edible oil (7–12%). The current study was designed to produce chocolate with mango seed oil as a cocoa butter replacer. Mango seed oil was extracted using the soxhlet apparatus and its physiochemical properties were evaluated. Extracted oil was used in chocolate preparation with different proportions (0%, 30%, 70%, and 100%). Furthermore, chocolate was subjected to explore the effect of storage (21days) on product quality and sensory with 7days interval. Current results show that mango seed oil has a valuable fat profile containing palmitic acid (C16:0) 26%, stearic acid (C18:0) 36%, and oleic acid (C18:2) 33%. Moreover, innovative chocolate showed higher antioxidant activity as compared to control in different storage intervals. In addition, chocolate prepared with different proportions of mango seed oil showed higher sensory scores as compared to the control sample. The findings suggest that mango seed oil can replace cocoa butter in chocolate and reduce/manage mango seed waste to improve its antioxidant activity and nutritional value.
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