Abstract Background The relation of the variety and quantity of different sources of dietary proteins intake and diabetes remains uncertain. We aimed to investigate the associations between the variety and quantity of proteins intake from eight major food sources and new-onset diabetes, using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Methods 16,260 participants without diabetes at baseline from CHNS were included. Dietary intake was measured by three consecutive 24-h dietary recalls combined with a household food inventory. The variety score of protein sources was defined as the number of protein sources consumed at the appropriate level, accounting for both types and quantity of proteins. New-onset diabetes was defined as self-reported physician-diagnosed diabetes or fasting glucose ≥7.0mmol/L or glycated hemoglobin ≥6.5% during the follow-up. Results During a median follow-up of 9.0 years, 1100 (6.8%) subjects developed diabetes. Overall, there were U-shaped associations of percentages energy from total protein, whole grain-derived and poultry-derived proteins with new-onset diabetes; J-shaped associations of unprocessed or processed red meat-derived proteins with new-onset diabetes; a reverse J-shaped association of the fish-derived protein with new-onset diabetes; L-shaped associations of egg-derived and legume-derived proteins with new-onset diabetes; and a reverse L-shaped association of the refined grain-derived protein with new-onset diabetes (all P values for nonlinearity<0.001). Moreover, a significantly lower risk of new-onset diabetes was found in those with a higher variety score of protein sources (per score increment; HR, 0.69; 95%CI, 0.65–0.72). Conclusions There was an inverse association between the variety of proteins with appropriate quantity from different food sources and new-onset diabetes.
Background: To examine the relation of dietary thiamine intake with risk of new-onset hypertension in the general adults. Methods: A total of 12,177 participants without hypertension at baseline from China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) were included. The study outcome was new-onset hypertension, which was defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or a diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg or under antihypertensive treatment or diagnosed by physician during the follow-up. Results: A total of 4269 participants occurred new-onset hypertension over a median follow-up of 6.1 years. Overall, there was a U-shaped relation (p for nonlinearity <0.001) of dietary thiamine intake with new-onset hypertension, with an inflection point at 0.93 mg/day. Accordingly, in the threshold effect analysis, there was an inverse association between dietary thiamine intake (per SD increment: HR, 0.62; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.72) and new-onset hypertension in participants with dietary thiamine intake <0.93 mg/day, and a positive association between dietary thiamine intake (per SD increment: HR, 1.38; 95% CI: 1.32, 1.44) and new-onset hypertension in those with dietary thiamine intake ≥0.93 mg/day. Conclusion: The association between dietary thiamine intake and the risk of new-onset hypertension followed a U-shaped relation in the general Chinese population, with an inflection point at 0.93 mg/day of dietary thiamine intake.
Background: The relationship of different serum forms of folate with the prevalence of hypertension remains uncertain. We aim to examine the association of several folate forms (5-methyltetrahydrofolate [5-mTHF], unmetabolized folic acid [UMFA], and MeFox [an oxidation product of 5-mTHF]) with the prevalence of hypertension. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 19,237 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2018. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg, or a self-reported diagnosis of hypertension by a physician, or current anti-hypertensive treatment. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 39.3%. When serum 5-mTHF was assessed as quartiles, a significantly lower prevalence of hypertension was found in participants in quartiles 3 to 4 (≥34.0 nmol/L) (odds ratio [OR], 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76–0.97), compared with those in quartiles 1 to 2. When serum UMFA was assessed as quartiles, a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension was found in participants in quartile 4 (≥1.0 nmol/L) (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.03–1.31), compared with those in quartiles 1 to 3. When serum MeFox was assessed as quartiles, a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension was found in participants in quartiles 3 to 4 (≥1.4 nmol/L) (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.06–1.34), compared with those in quartiles 1 to 2. Conclusions: Higher serum 5-mTHF levels were associated with a lower prevalence of hypertension, while higher serum UMFA and MeFox levels were associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension. If further confirmed, our findings highlight the importance of monitoring different serum forms of folate and may help guide future clinical trials and nutritional guidelines on folic acid supplementation for prevention of hypertension.
Abstract Background The deep-sea may be regarded as a hostile living environment, due to low temperature, high hydrostatic pressure, and limited food and light. Isopods, a species-rich group of crustaceans, are widely distributed across different environments including the deep sea and as such are a useful model for studying adaptation, migration, and speciation. Similar to other deep-sea organisms, giant isopods have larger body size than their shallow water relatives and have large stomachs and fat bodies presumably to store organic reserves. In order to shed light on the genetic basis of these large crustaceans adapting to the oligotrophic environment of deep-sea, the high-quality genome of a deep-sea giant isopod Bathynomus jamesi was sequenced and assembled. Results B. jamesi has a large genome of 5.89 Gb, representing the largest sequenced crustacean genome to date. Its large genome size is mainly attributable to the remarkable proliferation of transposable elements (84%), which may enable high genome plasticity for adaptive evolution. Unlike its relatives with small body size, B. jamesi has expanded gene families related to pathways of thyroid and insulin hormone signaling that potentially contribute to its large body size. Transcriptomic analysis showed that some expanded gene families related to glycolysis and vesicular transport were specifically expressed in its digestive organs. In addition, comparative genomics and gene expression analyses in six tissues suggested that B. jamesi has inefficient lipid degradation, low basal metabolic rate, and bulk food storage, suggesting giant isopods adopt a more efficient mechanism of nutrient absorption, storage, and utilization to provide sustained energy supply for their large body size. Conclusions Taken together, the giant isopod genome may provide a valuable resource for understanding body size evolution and adaptation mechanisms of macrobenthic organisms to deep-sea environments.
Many echinoderms are regenerative species that exhibit exceptional regenerative capacity, and sea cucumber is a representative organism that could regenerate the whole intestine after evisceration. There are many signaling pathways participate in the regeneration process, but it is not clear which is essential for the intestinal regeneration. In this study, we performed genome-wide comprehensive analyses on these regeneration-related signaling pathways, and found the Wnt signaling pathway was one of the most conservative pathways among regenerative species. Additionally, among these signaling pathways, we found that the Wnt signaling pathway was the only one under positive selection in regenerative echinoderms, and the only one enriched by differentially expressed genes during the intestinal regeneration. Thus, it suggests both coding sequence and gene expression of the Wnt signaling pathway have been shaped by natural selection to provide the genetic architecture for intestinal regeneration. Wnt7, Fz7, and Dvl are the three positively selected genes and also happen to be three upstream genes in the Wnt signaling pathway. They are all significantly upregulated at the early stages of regeneration, which may contribute significantly to the early activation of Wnt signaling and the initiation of intestinal regeneration. Expression knockdown of Wnt7 and Dvl by RNA interference significantly inhibit intestinal extension, implying that they are essential for intestinal regeneration. As an important regeneration-related gene, the downstream gene c-Myc is also conserved and highly expressed during the whole regeneration stages, which may make the Wnt/c-Myc signaling to be an important way to promote intestinal regeneration. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that the Wnt signaling pathway is the chosen one to play an important role in intestinal regeneration of sea cucumbers, or even in the regeneration of other echinoderms.
Objectives We aimed to evaluate the relation of total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels, and examine the possible modifiers in the association among a general population of Chinese adults. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting The study was conducted within 21 communities in Lianyungang of Jiangsu province, China. Participants A total of 26 648 participants aged ≥35 years and with no antihypertensive drug use were included in the final analysis. Results Overall, there was a positive association between tHcy concentrations and SBP (per 5 μmol/L tHcy increase: adjusted β=0.45 mm Hg; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.61) or DBP levels (per 5 μmol/L tHcy increase: adjusted β=0.47 mm Hg; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.59). Compared with participants with tHcy <10 μmol/L, significantly higher SBP levels were found in those with tHcy concentrations of 10 to <15 (adjusted β=0.80 mm Hg; 95% CI 0.32 to 1.28) and ≥15 µmol/L (adjusted β=1.79 mm Hg; 95% CI 1.20 to 2.37; p for trend <0.001). Consistently, significantly higher DBP levels were found in participants with tHcy concentrations of 10 to <15 (adjusted β=0.86 mm Hg; 95% CI 0.49 to 1.22) and ≥15 µmol/L (adjusted β=2.01 mm Hg; 95% CI 1.57 to 2.46; p for trend <0.001), respectively as compared with those with <10 μmol/L. Furthermore, a stronger association between tHcy and SBP (p for interaction=0.009) or DBP (p for interaction=0.067) was found in current alcohol drinkers. Conclusion Serum tHcy concentrations were positively associated with both SBP and DBP levels in a general Chinese adult population. The association was stronger in current alcohol drinkers.
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