Details in the hydrolysis of α-lactalbumin known to result in formation of highly ordered nanotubules, was investigated by incubation of solutions with 10 g α-lactalbumin/l with a specific protease from Bacillus licheniformis (BLP). After 50 min of incubation, soluble aggregates were formed, the concentration of which increased until precipitation occurred after 200 min. The latter aggregates were dissolved in urea or at low pH, like the nanotubules characteristic of gels formed by the action of BLP on α-lactalbumin at 100 g/l. On the molecular level, α-lactalbumin was initially cleaved into two large hydrophobic fragments with masses of 11·6 and 11·3 kDa, which in turn were cleaved in a stepwise manner into the ultimate fragment of 8·8 kDa. This fragment was the predominating component in the insoluble aggregates, and was identified as the sequences 26–37 and 50–113 of α-lactalbumin linked together by a disulphide bond. Cleavage of α-lactalbumin into this fragment probably created new hydrophobic surfaces and new calcium binding sites allowing its association into ordered structures.
A grazing study was performed in 2006 over three two-week periods in May, June and August at the organic research station Rugballegaard, Denmark, where a herd of 48 Holstein dairy cows was split into four groups of 12 cows. Each group grazed one of four swards: 1) lucerne, 2) red clover, 3) white clover and 4) white clover with chicory, all four in mixture with perennial ryegrass. Milk and grass samples were analyzed to study the effect of each sward type on milk composition as well as seasonal variations.
Some extended shelf life dairy products develop insoluble material which is referred to as unwanted protein aggregation. This phenomenon appears at varying time points during the shelf life. It occurs seemingly randomly in some productions and not in others for the same product. So far no decisive factor for its development has been identified, indicating protein chemical based differences between the products, due to biological diversities in the applied raw material. This is a very plausible assumption since milk is supplied from multiple farms to the dairies. In this particular project we used re-hydrated industrial whey protein isolate (WPI) produced from cheese whey. This originates from multiple cheese dairies, which also adds to the inhomogeneity of the product.
Abstract : We report on research toward a very-low-rate vocoder. This quarter we continued investigation in three areas. The first area of research is multi- speaker synthesis: speech synthesis from the transmitted vocoder parameters with the voice quality of the vocoder user. This processing entails speaker-specific spectral transformation of the vocoder diphone database. The second area of research is to improve the accuracy of the phonetic recognition. Our work this quarter concentrated on training the recognizer by augmentation of the diphone database with diphones extracted from natural, continuous speech. The third area of research is the development of an efficient model of continuous speech. We have developed a novel method of a variable-order Markov chain. We are continuing evaluation of this method.