Nanotechnology explores a variety of promising approaches in the area of material sciences on a molecular level, and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are of leading interest in the present scenario. This review is a comprehensive contribution in the field of green synthesis, characterization, and biological activities of AgNPs using different biological sources.
Natural resources are non-renewable and facing a regular depletion due to their immense use which demands new and additional material's reserves, recycling technologies and materials with no or less bad environmental effects. Reuse of waste materials will be rewarding technically, economically and environmentally. Here, we report the incorporation of industrial ceramic wastes in polymer matrix as composite materials to investigate their potentials for various applications. Ceramic wastes were collected from the premises of ceramic producing industries located at Peshawar (Pakistan). The composites of ceramic particles and polyaniline (PANI) were produced via in-situ free polymerization technique. SEM and FT-IR analysis confirmed composite formation. Thermal, dielectric and mechanical properties of the prepared materials were studied. It was found that both the constituent materials (ceramic and polymer) have a synergistic effect on each other. At one hand, ceramic wastes support and enhance the thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer in composites and the polymer in turn beautify the wastes with good dielectric and electrical properties. Based on their properties, the low cost and environmentally friendly novel composites could be used for various applications such as semi-conductors, capacitors and microwave devices.
The ceramic industry is a bit new in Pakistan, and the wastes produced during industrial processes are not properly managed. No effective reusing and recycling schemes have been developed. These wastes are contributing greatly to environmental pollution. In this study, an effort has been made to recycle and use the ceramic wastes as reinforcement fillers in polymeric composites, helping an ecologically and economically possible alternative for the disposal of these wastes. PANI-based ceramic composite samples were prepared and characterized morphologically and electrically. Ceramic wastes were also investigated for purification purposes of municipal wastewater. It was observed that prepared materials are capable for capacitor production. Wastes were found to be 50% efficient in removing methyl orange from water in a specific time. This suggests that the prepared materials can be used in energy harvesting appliances (i.e., capacitors) while the ceramic waste can be applied for purifying polluted water coming out from industrial as well as municipal sewerages.
Mg alloys/Mg-based composites are utilized significantly in the construction of missiles, aerospace and automobiles, due to their light weight, specific strength, and hardness. In the recent work, Mg-based 2-components (Mg-TiO2/Mg-Al2O3) and 3-components (Mg-TiO2-Al2O3) composites were fabricated through solid-phase synthesis (Powder metallurgy method). Temperature, pressure and concentration factors had been optimized prior to experiment. Temperature at 30oC and pressure at 760 mm Hg (1atm) were also utilized under various situations. Mg-based TiO2/Al2O3 and their unalloyed component were placed under hydraulic pressure of about 50 tons, to produce their discs/pellets having diameters ranging from 10 to 20cm. These pellets were placed in an electric furnace at 600oC temperature for about 1 hour, to get the homogenous 2/3component composites via sintering process. The characterization of obtained composites were performed through different physicochemical methods like Surface analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), or X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR analysis verified the composite fabrication. SEM has been used for microstructural analysis of the prepared composites which disclosed that in µm. XRD confirmed the homogeneity and crystalline nature of the obtained composites. It appeared that there is no second phase but all the composites exist in one-phase with 2/3-component systems when fabricated via the PM method. The surface area and pore structure of the prepared samples were analyzed by BET equation (absorption isotherm equation). The surface area of the produced samples was observed to vary from 40-70m2/g. These properties allow the prepared composites to play the main role in different adsorption applications and catalytic analysis.
Abstract Mg alloys/Mg-based composites are utilized significantly in the construction of missiles, aerospace and automobiles due to their lightweight, specific strength, and hardness. In the recent work, Mg-based two-components (Mg–TiO 2 /Mg–Al 2 O 3 ) and three-components (Mg–TiO 2 –Al 2 O 3 ) composites were fabricated through solid-phase synthesis (powder metallurgy method). Temperature (30 °C), pressure (760 mm Hg) and concentration factors were optimized prior to experiments. The characterization of obtained composites were performed through different physicochemical methods like Surface analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FTIR analysis verified the composite fabrication. SEM determined microstructures and particle size of the materials in µm dimensions. XRD confirmed the homogeneity and crystalline nature of the obtained composites. The surface area of the produced samples was observed to vary from 40 to 70 m 2 /g. These properties allow the prepared composites to play the main role in different adsorption applications and catalytic analysis. The prepared materials were considered to be used as catalyst for the formation of CNTs. The catalytic efficiency was observed to be 80 % for the growth of CNTs.
Mixed metal oxide nanocomposites (NCs) comprising Cu-Sr (CS), Sr-Cd (SC), and Cd-Cu (CC) were fabricated via a sol-gel method. Structural investigations of fabricated samples were carried out via X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The Maxwell-Wagner model, attributing to poor conducting layers around the conducting grains, was indicated to be followed by all of the NCs while investigating the dielectric properties. The Space-charge polarization and hoping mechanism contributed to low AC conductivity at lower frequencies and high AC conductivity at higher frequencies. The as-synthesized NCs effectively degraded two toxic water contaminants, such as crystal violet (CV) and Congo red (CR). Furthermore, the NCs were also evaluated for humidity sensing measurements. All of the NCs indicated efficient response/recovery time with better stability. The extensive investigation suggested the synthesized NCs, well suited for various optical and microelectronic applications.
Leishmaniases are a spectrum of poverty-linked neglected parasitic diseases that are endemic in 88 countries around the globe and affect millions of people every year. Currently available chemotherapeutic options are inadequate due to side effects, high cost, prolonged treatment, and parasite resistance. Thus, there is an existing need to develop new potent and safer leishmanicidal drugs. Considering the folkloric antiulcer and leishmanicidal use of the genus Berberis and its alkaloids, 5 reported alkaloids, namely berberine (1), palmatine (2), columbamine (3), 8-trichloromethyldihydroberberine (4), and jatrorrhizine (5), were isolated from the roots of Berberis glaucocarpa using classical (column and preparative chromatography) and modern isolation techniques (Sephadex LH-20). Their structures were elucidated and established from 1D and 2D spectroscopic data. The isolated alkaloids displayed excellent antileishmanial potential with IC 50 values ranging from 1.50 to 2.56 µM: 1 (1.50 ± 0.53 µM), 2 (2.31 ± 0.37 µM), 3 (2.56 ± 0.48 µM), 4 (1.40 ± 0.90 µM), 5 (2.44 ± 1.34 µM). While the IC 50 value for the standard drug (Amphotericin-B) was found to be 1.08 ± 0.95 µM. All of the isolated alkaloids displayed excellent antileishmanial potential as well as minimal cytotoxicity against THP-1 monocytic cells. Molecular docking analysis has revealed Leishmania N-myristoyl transferase, methionyl-tRNA synthetase, pteridine reductase 1, oligopeptidase B, tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase, and/or glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to be potential protein targets for the alkaloids.