Craig R. Friedrich

Michigan Technological University

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Mark H. Griep

DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory

Donald R. Lueking

Michigan Technological University

Shashi P. Karna

DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory

Karl Walczak

Sandia National Laboratories

R. O. Warrington

Louisiana Tech University

Sachin M. Bhosle

Vidya Prathishthan

Govind Mallick

DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory

Libao An

Beijing University of Chinese Medicine

Eric M. Winder

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Fei Long

State Grid Corporation of China (China)

Cooperative Institutions

Michigan Technological University

University of Illinois Chicago

Beaumont Health

FZI Research Center for Information Technology

Louisiana Tech University

Houghton University

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

University of Michigan–Ann Arbor

DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory

FIZ Karlsruhe – Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure

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Electronic Characteristics of Bacteriorhodopsin

Karl Walczak Daw Don Cheam D.R. Lueking Paul L. Bergstrom Craig R. Friedrich

To effectively integrate bacteriorhodopsin (bR) with micro electromechanical systems (MEMS) and nano electromechanical systems (NEMS) devices, it is critical to know the electrical properties of the material and to understand how it will affect the functionality of the device. Inductance, capacitance and resistance (LCR) measurements can be used to determine material characteristics, such as permittivity, film thickness, and capacitance. In this paper, LCR measurements of dried films of oriented and unoriented bR with both light-on and light-off conditions are presented. Tests were performed on dried films of bR to determine if there is a relationship between LCR measurements and orientation, light-on/off, frequency, and time. The results indicated that the LCR measurements depended on the thickness and area of the film, but not on the orientation, as with other biological materials such as muscle. However, there was a transient LCR response for both oriented and unoriented bR which depends on light intensity. The possible effect of integrating this material with a single electron transistor (SET) is also briefly discussed.

LCR meter

10.1109/nano.2008.164

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Citations (11)

Development of the Micromilling Prolcess for High-Aspect-Ratio Microstructures

Craig R. Friedrich M. J. Vasile

At the macroscale, the milling process is very ver- satile and capable of creating three-dimensional features and structures. Adaptation of this process at the microscale could lead to the rapid and direct fabrication of micromolds and masks to aid in the development of microcomponents. This task has been undertaken, and results of the process indicate it can become an increasingly useful method. The micromilling process is characterized by milling tools that are currently in the range from 22-100 pm in diameter and made by the focused-ion beam machining process. The tools are used in a specially designed, high-precision milling machine. Results are comparable to other processes currently used to fabricate mold and mask features. The micromilling process can create trench-like features with nearly vertical sidewalls and good smoothness. External corners are sharp and stepped features can be machined simply by programming those shapes. The process is direct, alnd therefore dimensional errors do not accumulate as can occur with serial fabrication processes. (159)

Microscale chemistry

Smoothness

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Interaction of nucleobases with silicon nanowires: A first-principles study

Chemical Physics Letters (2012)

Xiaoliang Zhong William Slough Ravindra Pandey Craig R. Friedrich

Nucleobase

Uracil

Thymine

Cytosine

Interaction energy

10.1016/j.cplett.2012.10.011

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Citations (15)

Light Sensor Platform Based on the Integration of Bacteriorhodopsin with a Single Electron Transistor

Active and Passive Electronic Components (2011)

Karl Walczak Paul L. Bergstrom Craig R. Friedrich

This paper reports on the integration of an optical protein with single electron transistors to form a nano-bio-hybrid device for sensing. Bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is an optoelectric protein that translocates a proton across a distance of several nanometers in response to an absorbed photon of incident light. This charge gradient results in a measurable voltage in the dried state. Single electron transistors (SETs) have active regions consisting of one or more quantum islands with a size typically 10 nanometers or less. Integrating bacteriorhodopsin with the gate of a SET provides a device capable of a modulated electrical output in response to optical modulation at the device gate. Modulation of the optoelectric activity of the bR by chemical binding with a targeted environmental antigen can form a direct chemical-to-electrical sensor reducing the size and complexity of fluorescence-based systems. The work resulted in electrical resistance and capacitance characterization of purple membrane containing bR under variable illumination to ensure minimal impact on SET operation. Purple membrane containing bacteriorhodopsin was electrodeposited on the SET gates, and current throughput was well correlated with variable and cyclic illumination. It was confirmed that bR optoelectric activity is capable of driving SETs.

Nanometre

10.1155/2011/586924

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Laser and competing process technologies for microfabrication

Craig R. Friedrich Rong Gu Xinming Huang

Nearly since its invention, laser technology has been used for medical treatment ranging from tattoo removal to correcting visual disorders. Industrial lasers have also been widely used for fabricating medical components. More recently, lasers are being used for microfabrication of new types of medical devices and for subsequent processing. Along a parallel path, many other microfabrication technologies have been developed and applied to the fabrication of microscale medical devices. While each process technology has its own unique attributes, many of these processes can be integrated to allow more flexibility in design and production. The paper provides a brief overview of the major microfabrication processes which can be integrated with laser processing. Because these processes continue to be developed, this overview provides a snapshot of the present state of development.

Microscale chemistry

10.2351/1.5059614

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Hybrid protein-quantum dot nanoscale structures for biosensing and photovoltaics

APS March Meeting Abstracts (2010)

Mark H. Griep Donald R. Lueking Ray Mackay Govind Mallick Shashi P. Karna

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Process parameters and their relations for the dielectrophoretic assembly of carbon nanotubes

Journal of Applied Physics (2009)

Libao An Craig R. Friedrich

The selection of process parameters, which include the concentration of the carbon nanotube (CNT) suspension, the magnitude of the applied voltage, and the duration of the electric field, is significant in the assembly of a small number of CNTs across an electrode gap by dielectrophoresis (DEP). This paper investigates by simulation and experimentation these parameter relations. The simulation is based on the effective dipole moment method and considers the DEP force and viscous force on the CNT by the liquid medium. The method can be used to predict the assembly of a CNT originally located at any position within the electric field. The results demonstrate that the assembly time depends on the distance between the CNT and the electrode gap, as well as the magnitude of the applied voltage. Experiments confirm assembly times after recognizing the differences between the simulation and the experimental conditions. The results can help analyze the assembly of CNTs between electric conductors and help select DEP process parameters.

Dielectrophoresis

Suspension

10.1063/1.3093975

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Citations (29)

High-density cochlear implants with position sensing and control

Hearing Research (2008)

Kensall D. Wise Pamela Bhatti Jianbai Wang Craig R. Friedrich

Modiolus (cochlea)

Basilar membrane

Parylene

Electrode array

Strain gauge

10.1016/j.heares.2008.04.002

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Citations (48)

Research and Infrastructure Development Center for Nanomaterials Research

Craig R. Friedrich

Abstract : Funding for the Center for Nanaomaterials Research at Michigan Technological University commenced on 15 August 2003 under Contract DAAD17-03-C-0115. The progress for the period in each of the thrust areas is detailed. Degrees granted, referred journal publications, refereed conference publications, and invention disclosures are listed with each of the thrust areas.

Center (category theory)

Research development

10.21236/ada498191

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Engineered Nano-bio Hybrid Electronic Platform for Solar Energy Harvesting

Shashi P. Karna Govind Mallick Craig R. Friedrich Mark H. Griep

10.21236/ada592162

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Citations (1)