The earliest Upper Palaeolithic industries of the Levant, which figure prominently in discussions of the spread of anatomically modern humans and the origins of the Upper Palaeolithic, are known from a small number of localities. Two sites in the Hatay region of Turkey have yielded initial Upper Palaeolithic assemblages similar to those found in the Levant. One of the sites, Üçaǧizlı’ cave, has also provided radiometric dates and faunal remains, both relatively rare for sites of this period.
Craniodental remains of fossil bovids from the late Miocene İncesu Formation, from sites near the city of Sivas, Turkey, are described. The bovid remains represent at least five species: Gazella cf. G. capricornis, Prostrepsiceros houtumschindleri syridisi, cf. Protoryx sp., Tethytragus cf. T. koehlerae, and Tragoportax cf. T. amalthea. The Sivas fossil bovid assemblage is fairly typical for the Greco-Iranian-Afghan paleobiological province, and compares well with the classic Turolian sites of Samos, Pikermi, and Maragheh. Biochronological correlations using these fossil bovids suggest the Sivas fossil assemblage is MN11 or early MN12 in age, or somewhere between 9–7 Ma. The presence of Tethytragus at Sivas represents only the second occurrence of this typically mid-Miocene (MN5–8) taxon from the late Miocene. Paleoecological attributes of the Sivas fossil bovids suggest local paleoenvironments at Sivas comprised shrubland to woodland biomes, perhaps devoid of expansive grasslands or dense forests. The presence/absence and relative abundances of bovid taxa within and among different Greek and Anatolian late Miocene fossil sites is compared and contrasted by way of correspondence analysis. Sivas plots among a number of sites all characterized by high proportions of Gazella, Tragoportax, and Protoryx/Pachytragus, and these in turn are readily distinguished from sites in which Palaeoreas/Majoreas, Protragelaphus, Oioceros, and Miotragocerus are more common. It is suggested that Sivas and similar sites (e.g. Sinap, Akkas¸daği) may have sampled drier, more open habitats than those with strongly differing faunal compositions (e.g. Nikiti-1, Çorakyerler).
Lidya Kralligina baskentlik yapan, Izmir-Afyon karayolu uzerinde ve Izmir'e 65 km. uzaklikta bulunan Sardis, Anadolunun en onemli arkeolojik merkezlerinden birini olusturur. Tarihi 3 bin yil eski olan Sardis, bircok medeniyet tarafindan idare edilmistir. 1958-1971 yillan arasinda Amerikan Schools of Oriental Research himayesinde bulunan Prof. Dr. Hanfhman baskanliginda Harvvard ve Cornell Universite uyeleri tarafindan yapilan kazilarda cikarilan ve Gec Roma-Erken Bizans Donemine tarihlendirilen iskeletler, bu arastirmanin materyalini olusturur. Sardis kazilarindan cikarilan ve Ankara Universitesi, Dil ve Tarih, Cografya Fakultesi Paleoantropoloji laboratuvarina gonderilen 47 kadin, 66 erkek, 12 cinsiyeti bilinmeyen, 24 cocuk olmak uzere toplam 149 bireye ait cene ve disler incelenmistir. 830'u cene uzerinde, 1431'i izole olmak uzere toplam 2261 dis uzerinde curuk, asinma, abse, olum oncesi dis kaybi, hypoplasia, alveol kaybi ve dis tasina bakilmis ve bunlarin taraflara ve cinsiyetlere gore dagilimi tespit edilmistir. Sardis toplulugunda eriskinlere ait 2114 dis uzerinde curuge bakilmis ve 264 diste (% 12, 49) curuk tespit edilmistir. Kadinlara ait dislerin % 5,88 oraninda erkeklere ait dislerden daha dusuk duzeyde curuk sikligina sahip oldugu belirlenmistir. Disler arasinda en fazla curuyen disin M2 (% 22, 28) oldugu saptanmistir. Disler uzerinde curuklerin en fazla distal yuzeyde (% 33, 15) olustugu belirlenmistir. ;«. Sardis toplulugunda, cocuklara ait 83'u cene uzerinde 54'u izole olmak uzere toplam 137 sut disinde curuk incelenmis ve sadece 6 yaslarinda bir cocugun Mi'inde curuge rastlanmistir. Sardis toplulugunda eriskinlere ait 2095 disin asinma ortalamasi 2,94 olarak tespit edilmistir. Erkeklere ait disler, kadinlara ait dislerden % 0,33 daha fazla asinmistir. Topluluk genelinde asinma, Brothwell olcegine gore 2, 2+, 3, 3-, 3+ derecelerinde yogunlasmis. Sardis cocuklarina ait 137 sut disinin asinma ortalamasi 2,95 olarak belirlenmistir. Eriskinlere ait toplam 1309 diste abseye bakilmis ve abse olusum orani % 7, 26 olarak bulunmustur. Erkeklere ait dislerde kadinlara ait dislerden daha yuksek oranda abseye rastlanilmistir. Sardis cocuklarina ait dislerde eriskinlerin tersine abseye rastlanilmamistir Sardis topluluguna ait 1943 disten 1254'unde Brothwell olcegine gore hafif, orta, belirgin derecelerde hypoplasia belirlenmis ve hypoplasia orani % 64, 54 olarak bulunmustur. Kadinlara ait dislerde hypoplasia gorulme sikligi, erkeklere ait dislerden, diger dis hastaliklarinin tersine daha yuksek oranda bulunmustur. Topluluk genelinde hypoplasia, dis gruplarindan on dislerde bunlar arasinda ise C'de daha yuksek oranda tespit edilmistir. Dislerde cizgi seklinde kendini gosteren hypoplasia orani (% 91, 79), cukur seklindeki hypoplasia oranindan (% 8,21) yuksek cikmistir. Topluluk genelinde belirlenen hypoplasia genellikle hafif (% 87, 88) derecelidir. Sardis cocuklarina ait toplam 122 sut disi uzerinde hypoplasia'ya bakilmis ve hypoplasia sikligi % 27,00 olarak belirlenmistir. Sut dislerinde de hypoplasia en fazla C'de tespit edilmistir. Cocuklarda gozlenen hypoplasia hafif duzeydedir. Eriskinlere ait 79 ust, 71 alt olmak uzere toplam 147 cene uzerinde alveol kaybina bakilmis Brothwell olcegine gore % 31,29 oraninda hafif, % 28,57 orta, % 22,45 belirgin duzeyde alveol kaybi tespit edilmis. Alveol kaybi erkeklere ait cenelerde kadinlardan daha yuksek oranda tespit edilmistir. Sardis eriskinlerine ait 2106 disten 1064'unde dis tasi belirlenmistir. Dis tasi gorulme sikligi % 50,52 olarak tespit edilmistir. Dis tasi olusumu kadinlarda erkeklere gore daha yuksek orandadir. Dis tasi olusumu disler arasinda en fazla C'de tespit edilmistir. Topluluk genelinde % 87,12 oraninda hafif, % 11,54 oraninda orta, % 1,54 oraninda belirgin duzeyde dis tasi tespit edilmistir. Sardis cocuklarina ait 129 sut disinden 22'sinde (% 17,1) distasi tespit edilmistir. Sut dislerinde belirlenen dis tasi hafif duzeydedir. Topluluk genelinde cenelerin taraflari arasinda belirgin bir fark olmamakla birlikte, asinma, curuk ve alveol kaybinda, sag taraf sol tarafa gore daha yuksek oranlar vermistir. Olum oncesi dis kaybi, dis tasi, hypoplasia ve absede sol taraf sag taraftan daha yuksek oranlar vermistir.
Ankara yoresi Miyosen donem cokelleri cok sayida fosil yataklari icermektedir. Bu fosil yataklarindan Ankara/Kalecik-Candir Orta Miyosen cokelleri, oldukca zengin memeli paleofaunasma sahip olmasi acisindan dunyaca taninan onemli bir fosil bulgu yeridir. Karasal memeli Neojen faunal zonlama sistemine gore Astrasiyen faunal birliginin MN 6 faunal zonuna karsilik gelen Candir bovid faunasi ornekleri Hirsizderesi Mevkii' nde Lokalite 1 ve Lokalite 3 olmak uzere iki ayri lokaliteden aciga cikartilmistir. Bu cokellerden ele gecen 1300' u askin Bovidae ornekleri uzerinde sistematik, odontolojik ve osteolojik calismalar yapilmistir. Yapilan incelemelerde Bovidae ailesinin Hypsodontunea ve Caprinea alt ailelerine ait Hypsodontus pronaticornis, Turcocerus gracilis ve Tethytragus kohlerae turleri ornekleri uzerinde daha once tanimlanmamis talus, calcaneus ve metatarsal' ler morfolojik acidan irdelenerek, hem kendi aralarinda hem de yeryuzundeki diger buluntu yerlerinde ele gecmis paralel buluntularla karsilastirilmistir. Bunun sonucunda bu turlerin ozellikle etraf kemiklerinin morfolojik 138yapisi ortaya konmus ve ilk olarak bu buluntu yerinden cikarilmis genis bir seri uzerinde daha detayli odontolojik yapi da tanimlanmaya calisilmistir. Bu calismalar dogrultusunda Bovidae turlerinin kendi aralarinda ve diger buluntu yerleri arasindaki evrimsel ve zoocografik iliskiler de aciga cikartilmaya calisilmistir. Turler uzerinde yapilan incelemeler sonucunda elde edilen odontolojik ve osteolojik veriler turlerin birbirleriyle olan karsilastirmasinda ve iliskilendiril- mesinde kullanilmistir. Detayli bir arazi calismasi sonucunda elde edilen litostratigrafik ve sedimantolojik calismalar biyostratigrafik calismalara temel olmustur. Butun arastirmalar isiginda yore biyostratigrafisi, paleoekolojisi belirlenmis ve bolge kronolojisinde farkli goruslere ulasilmistir.Abstract The Miocene sedimentary deposits within the area of the Ankara region contain several fossiliferous beds. The non-marine middle Miocene deposits of the Candir area, near Kalecik, some 80 km northeast of Ankara, is regarded as one of the most importent sites in Anatolia since it s rich and diversifed mammalian fauna bearing sediments, including a mandible of primate. The specimens of the Candir Bovid fauna which correlate well with MN 6 faunal zone of the Astracien fauna association in terms of the continental Neogene mammmalia biostratigraphy were collected from different two localities (locality l and 3 respectively). Over than 1300 Bovidae samples collected from this deposites, sistematical, odontological and osteological studies have been carried out. As a results of the laboratory examination of these fossils three species, namely Hypsodontus pronaticornis, Turcocerus gracilis and Tethytragus kohlerae belonging to the subfamily of Hypsodontunea and Caprinea of the Bovidae f amil y have been identified. The Candir Bovidae fossils have been coraleted with the ones found in the different Miocene sites located at the other 140region of Anatolia. Attemts have also been made to establish the evolutionary trends and the zoogeographical relationships between the sites. The odontological and osteological data obtained from the studies of these species have provided a firm basis for evaluating the correlations and the relations among the species. Lithostratigraphical and sedimenthological data based on the detailed fieled studies provided further background information for the biostratigraphical studies. in the light of available information derived from alil these studies, the biostratigraphy and paleoecology of this region have been established and different vievs concerning the chronostratigraphy of the region have been advanced.
In this study the eating habits of 181 students living with their families (38 boys, 53 girls) were evaluated by grading system. The percentage of low grades/points was high of the students living in domitories (26.7%) comparing to students living with families (22.0%). The girls had low grades (36.8%) than boys (12.8%). Breakfast was the mostly skipping meal (51.9%) in both sexes. It was found that eating habits of the students were also effected with their phychological conditions. In this study food intakes of the students were taken in consecutive 3 days. Students living in the dormitories were in unbalanced diets almost in every meal. Energy intakes were found below the recommendations for girls. Boys, either living in dormitories or with families were in adequate energy intakes. According to grades for eating habits they had good and moderate grades too (56.3 %, 31.2% and 46.7 %, 36.6% respectively). But it is not same for girls. There is only 3% and 10.5% of girls living with families and in dormitories were in good grades. Their eating habits were usually in moderate and low grades.
A sub-adult skull from the Late Miocene of Kavakdere, desciribed and referred to the Indian genus Bramatherium. increases the similarity between the Indian sub-continent and the Greco-Iranian province. The contents and subdivisions of the subfamily Sivatheriinae are reviewed, with 2 main groups being recognized, based upon the homologies and position of horns. They are perhaps both of western European origin.
