Whether energy restriction (ER) impacts colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in humans is unclear, though the potential for such an association is favored by the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway, which can be influenced by ER and putatively stimulates malignant growth.Here, ER at young age and varians in IGFrelated genes were simultaneously investigated in relation to CRC in participants of the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer.The results show that the IGF pathway may be involved in associations between ER at young age and CRC in men, though interactions were not statistically significant.No clear risk pattern was detected in women.
Other than the influence of ionizing radiation and benign thyroid disease, little is known about the risk factors for differentiated thyroid cancer (TC) which is an increasing common cancer worldwide. Consistent evidence shows that body mass is positively associated with TC risk. As excess weight is a state of chronic inflammation, we investigated the relationship between concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, C‐reactive protein, interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and the risk of TC. A case‐control study was nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study and included 475 first primary incident TC cases (399 women and 76 men) and 1,016 matched cancer‐free cohort participants. Biomarkers were measured in serum samples using validated and highly sensitive commercially available immunoassays. Odds ratios (ORs) of TC by levels of each biomarker were estimated using conditional logistic regression models, adjusting for BMI and alcohol consumption. Adiponectin was inversely associated with TC risk among women (OR T3vs.T1 = 0.69, 95% CI: 0.49–0.98, P trend = 0.04) but not among men (OR T3vs.T1 = 1.36, 95% CI: 0.67–2.76, P trend = 0.37). Increasing levels of IL‐10 were positively associated with TC risk in both genders and significantly so in women (OR T3vs.T1 = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.13–2.25, P trend = 0.01) but not in men (OR T3vs.T1 = 1.78, 95% CI: 0.80–3.98, P trend = 0.17). Leptin, CRP, IL‐6 and TNF‐α were not associated with TC risk in either gender. These results indicate a positive association of TC risk with IL‐10 and a negative association with adiponectin that is probably restricted to women. Inflammation may play a role in TC in combination with or independently of excess weight.
It is estimated that over half the population of the European Union (EU) is overweight or obese due to an imbalance between energy expenditure and energy intake; this is related to an obesogenic environment of sociocultural, economic and marketing challenges to the control of body weight. Excess body fat is associated with nine cancer sites - oesophagus, colorectum, gall bladder, pancreas, postmenopausal breast, endometrium, ovary, kidney and prostate (advanced) - and 4-38% of these cancers (depending on site and gender) can be attributed to overweight/obesity status. Metabolic alterations which accompany excess body weight are accompanied by increased levels of inflammation, insulin, oestrogens and other hormonal factors. There are some indications that intentional weight loss is associated with reduced cancer incidence (notably in postmenopausal breast and endometrial cancers). Excess body weight is also a risk factor for several other diseases, including diabetes and heart disease, and is related to higher risk of premature death. In reviewing the current evidence related to excess body fat and cancer, the European Code against Cancer Nutrition Working Group has developed the following recommendation: 'Take action to be a healthy body weight'.
High body-mass index (BMI; defined as 25 kg/m(2) or greater) is associated with increased risk of cancer. To inform public health policy and future research, we estimated the global burden of cancer attributable to high BMI in 2012.
Background and aims: Maternal consumption of omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid can to act as an adjuvant in the immune system and have effects on the neonatal inflammatory response. We conducted the present study to investigate the effect of prenatal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation on respiratory symptoms and to identify the main prenatal environmental risk factors for these symptoms in infants. Methods: We included 784 infants whose mothers were randomly assigned to receive daily supplement of 400 mg of DHA or placebo from week 18-22 of pregnancy until childbirth. During pregnancy we collect information on sociodemographics characteristics, past health history, maternal stress and environmental exposures. Also, we collected blood samples to determine maternal specific IgE levels in plasma. Child respiratory symptoms information was collected using a recall questionnaire at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 months of age. Poisson regression models were used to identify the main prenatal risk factors for respiratory symptoms. Results: The occurrence of respiratory symptoms did not differ significantly between groups; however, the occurrence of a combined measure of some symptoms was lower in the DHA group. We observed that the higher risk of respiratory symptoms were for the children whose mothers were randomly assigned to receive placebo. The main risks factors were use pesticides in home (OR= 1.18; 95%IC 1.08, 1.29) gender male (OR= 1.09; 95% CI 1.01, 1.18) and maternal atopy (OR= 1.03 95%CI 0.95, 1.12). Conclusions: DHA supplementation during pregnancy decreased the occurrence of respiratory symptoms in infants and this study strengthens the evidence that the family history and prenatal environmental exposure in early stages of life increase the risk of respiratory symptoms in childhood.
It has been estimated that at least a third of the most common cancers are related to lifestyle and as such are preventable. Key modifiable lifestyle factors have been individually associated with cancer risk; however, less is known about the combined effects of these factors. This study generated a healthy lifestyle index score (HLIS) to investigate the joint effect of modifiable factors on the risk of overall cancers, alcohol-related cancers, tobacco-related cancers, obesity-related cancers, and reproductive-related cancers. The study included 391,608 men and women from the multinational European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. The HLIS was constructed from 5 factors assessed at baseline (diet, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and anthropometry) by assigning scores of 0 to 4 to categories of each factor, for which higher values indicate healthier behaviors. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated by Cox proportional regression and population attributable fractions (PAFs) estimated from the adjusted models. There was a 5% lower risk (adjusted HR 0.952, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.946, 0.958) of all cancers per point score of the index for men and 4% (adjusted HR 0.961, 95% CI: 0.956, 0.966) for women. The fourth versus the second category of the HLIS was associated with a 28% and 24% lower risk for men and women respectively across all cancers, 41% and 33% for alcohol-related, 49% and 46% for tobacco-related, 41% and 26% for obesity-related, and 21% for female reproductive cancers. Findings suggest simple behavior modifications could have a sizeable impact on cancer prevention, especially for men.
In this study, the relation between fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality was investigated within the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition. Survival analyses were performed, including 451,151 participants from 10 European countries, recruited between 1992 and 2000 and followed until 2010. Hazard ratios, rate advancement periods, and preventable proportions to respectively compare risk of death between quartiles of consumption, to estimate the period by which the risk of death was postponed among high consumers, and to estimate proportions of deaths that could be prevented if all participants would shift their consumption 1 quartile upward. Consumption of fruits and vegetables was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (for the highest quartile, hazard ratio = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.86, 0.94), with a rate advancement period of 1.12 years (95% CI: 0.70, 1.54), and with a preventable proportion of 2.95%. This association was driven mainly by cardiovascular disease mortality (for the highest quartile, hazard ratio = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.93). Stronger inverse associations were observed for participants with high alcohol consumption or high body mass index and suggested in smokers. Inverse associations were stronger for raw than for cooked vegetable consumption. These results support the evidence that fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with a lower risk of death.
Obstet Gynecol Surv 2015;70(8):507–508 The age at natural menopause (ANM) in the Western world ranges from 40 to 60 years, with an average onset of 51 years. The exact mechanisms underlying the timing of ANM are not completely understood.
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