A Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped bacterium, designated DCY83T, was isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Gwangju Province, Republic of Korea. Cells were motile by means of flagella. Growth occurred at 4-40 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 6-8 (optimum pH 7.0) and with ≤ 0.4 % NaCl. Strain DCY83T was able to produce siderophore and was positive for phosphate solubilization. Indole-3-acetic acid production was 12.9 μg ml- 1 after 3 days in culture. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain DCY83T belonged to the genus Duganella and was related most closely to Duganella sacchari Sac-22T (97.4 % similarity), Duganella zoogloeoides IAM 12670T (97.1 %) and Duganella radicis Sac-41T (97.1 %). The major fatty acids were C16 : 0 and summed feature 3 (containing C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The only quinone was ubiquinone 8. The genomic DNA G+C content was 55.3 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain DCY83T and D. sacchari KCTC 22381T, D. zoogloeoides JCM 20729T and D. radicis KCTC 22382T was 27.7, 22.4 and 35.5 %, respectively. On the basis of the phenotypic and genotypic analysis, DCY83T is classified as representing a novel species in the genus Duganella, for which the name Duganella ginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DCY83T ( = KCTC 42409T = JCM 30745T).
Soybean fermentation had been done over the years in order to increase its nutritional value. In order to that, our present study was focused on the fermentation of soybean hull (SH) by Monascus pilosus KCCM 60084 to enhance the secondary metabolite monacolin K and produce isoflavones such as daidzein and genistein (phytoestrogens). These isoflavones have effect on reducing cholesterol level, anticancer, and anti-osteophorosis. Furthermore, the anti-adipogenesis effect of fermented soybean hull (FSH) and nonfermented soybean hull (NFSH) was investigated by evaluating the molecular signaling at in vitro level (on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte) as well as by the in sílico study. Results found that FSH had effect on the reduction of lipid accumulation without exerting any cytotoxicity compared with NFSH at cellular level at 100 µg/mL. In addition, we noticed that it significantly downregulated the mRNA levels of adipogenic transcriptional genes including jak2, STAT3, CEBPα, PPARγ, CEBPβ, and aP2 at same concentration as well as suppressed the protein expression p-STAT3, PPARγ, CEBPα, and aP2. Also, molecular docking studies show that monacolin K, daidzein, and genistein interact with PPARγ reducing lipid accumulation highly than NFSH. We hypothesized that the newly produced isoflavones such as daidzein and genistein and the high amount of secondary metabolite monacolin K conjointly work on reducing lipid accumulation in adipocyte mature cells. Practical applications Soybean product had been used as a food along to functional food for its nutritional value. During the processing of this product the soybean hull (SH) is removed and discarded, since the used is high being a constant problem for soybean processing industries. In this study, we found a possible use for this SH which include its fermentation by Monascus pilosus KCCM 60084. This process gives as a result the transformation of SH metabolite and Isoflavones content increasing the possible uses of SH as a functional food or supplement since exhibits lower toxicity than nonfermented SH. In addition, SH in vitro effect was enhanced after fermentation suggesting a possible a possible preventive or therapeutic use for obesity. The results in this study, not only give us a new process option for soybean hull, but also shown that this fermentation increase its anti-lipogenic effect.
Two novel Gram-staining-positive bacteria, designated DCY60T and DCY90T, were isolated from soil of a ginseng field in the Republic of Korea. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons showed the two novel strains were closely related to members of the genus Humibacter with greatest similarity to Humibacter antri KCTC 33009T (98.8 and 98.4% for DCY60T and DCY90T, respectively). The predominant menaquinones present were MK-11 and MK-12. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C17 : 0 and summed feature 8 containing C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c. The DNA G+C contents of strains DCY60T and DCY90T were 62.8 and 66.8 mol%, respectively. The peptidoglycan of both strains contained the amino acids ornithine, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, alanine, glutamic acid and glycine. The cell-wall sugars of strain DCY60T comprised glucose, galactose, rhamnose and xylose, while strain DCY90T contained glucose, galactose, rhamnose and ribose. The major polar lipids of both strains were phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified glycolipid, and an unknown phospholipid. On the basis of the phenotypic analysis strains DCY60T and DCY90T represent novel species of the genus Humibacter, for which names Humibacter ginsengiterrae sp. nov. (type strain DCY60T = KCTC 33520T = JCM 30079T) and Humibacter ginsengisoli sp. nov. (type strain DCY90T = KCTC 33521T = JCM 30080T) are proposed.
A Gram-stain-positive, flagellate, rod-shaped, catalase- and oxidase-positive bacterium, designated DCY72 T , was isolated from the soil of a Gynostemma pentaphyllum field. Growth occurred at 4–34 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 4–10 (optimum pH 7), and with 0–5 % NaCl (w/v). The major menaquinones of strain DCY72 T were MK-9(H 2 ) (81.0 %) and MK-10(H 2 ) (12.2 %). The major amino acid present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan was l -lysine. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 . The genomic DNA G+C content was 64.5 mol%. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain DCY72 T belonged to the family Micrococcaceae and was most closely related to Arthrobacter ramosus CCM 1646 T (98.2 % similarity). The DNA–DNA relatedness between strain DCY72 T and A. ramosus KACC 14391 T (98.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Arthrobacter nitroguajacolicus KACC 14581 T (97.6 %), Arthrobacter nicotinovorans KACC 20508 T (97.3 %) and Arthrobacter aurescens KACC 20528 T (97.3 %). was 12.9 %±0.3, 25.6 %±0.3, 26.6 %±0.5 and 23.2 %±0.9, respectively. On the basis of the phenotypic characteristics, genotypic analysis and physiological characteristics, strain DCY72 T represents a novel species of the genus Arthrobacter , for which the name Arthrobacter gyeryo ngensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DCY72 T ( = KCTC 33072 T = JCM 18514 T ).
A novel bacterial strain DCY53(T) was isolated from a soil sample from a ginseng field and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Cells were Gram-reaction-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming and motile with flagella. The strain was aerobic, catalase- and oxidase-positive, optimum growth temperature and pH were 30-37 °C and 6.0-7.5, respectively. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain DCY53(T) was shown to belong to the genus Bacillus and the closest phylogenetic relatives were Bacillus pocheonensis KCTC 13943(T) (98.3 %), Bacillus bataviensis LMG 21833(T) (98.0 %), Bacillus soli LMG 21838(T) (97.9 %), Bacillus drentensis LMG 21831(T) (97.8 %), Bacillus niacini DSM 2923(T) (97.8 %), Bacillus novalis LMG 21837(T) (97.7 %), Bacillus vireti LMG 21834(T) (97.6 %) and Bacillus fumarioli LMG 17489(T) (97.3 %). The DNA G+C content was 43.6 mol% and the predominant respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major fatty acids were iso-C14 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. The DNA-DNA relatedness with closest relatives was below 55 %. The results of the genotypic analysis in combination with chemotaxonomic and physiological data demonstrated that DCY53(T) represented a novel species within the genus Bacillus, for which we propose the name Bacillus ginsengisoli. The type strain is DCY53(T) ( = KCTC 13945(T) = JCM 17335(T)).
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