The animals have been operated upon by the method of Meltzer. At first, a few relatively simple experiments were performed, such as the resection of a pulmonary lobe, the extirpation of a segment of the middle part of the esophagus, the dissection of the mediastinum by opening the two pleuræ and the pericardium, and resection of a small part of the superior vena cava and its replacement by a piece of a jugular vein. The animals recovered completely with the exception of one which died of pleurisy a few days after the operation. Then I began some researches on the surgery of the thoracic aorta. Six animals were operated on. In three experiments, the upper part of the descending aorta was cut transversely and sutured. The three animals recovered without incident. In the fourth experiment, the ascending part of the aorta was cut longitudinally about three centimeters above the heart and sutured. The animal is now in good health.
Among so many etiological factors, it is impossible to discriminate which are responsible for the complications which took place in our experiments. An attempt to explain the occurrence of nephritis, cedema or calcification of the arterial system, for instance, will not be made, but the technique of the operations will be modified in order to suppress as much as possible the causes which may originate these secondary changes. The purpose of this article was not to analyze minutely the physiological or pathological character of the functions of transplanted kidneys, but merely to ascertain whether these functions are efficiently reëstablished. It is to be concluded that an animal which has undergone a double nephrectomy and the grafting of both kidneys from another animal can secrete almost normal urine with his new organs, and live in good health at least for a few weeks. This demonstrates that it is possible to reëstablish efficiently the functions of transplanted kidneys.
1. Pure strains of mononuclear leucocytes were isolated from the blood of adult chickens and keptin active condition for nearly 3 months. 2. The cultures were composed of large mononuclear leucocytes which migrated and proliferated in vitro at a slower rate than fibroblasts. The cells had no tendency to form a tissue, as do fibroblasts and epithelial cells. They were much less resistant than fibroblasts. 3. Differentiation of the large mononuclears into cells assuming the appearance of fibroblasts took place under certain conditions. 4. The activity of the large mononuclears was increased by embryonic tissue juice and inhibited by homologous serum.
1. A pure strain of fibroblasts has been isolated from the Jensen rat sarcoma. The cells give rise to tumors on transplantation into animals and during several months of life in vitro have maintained their malignancy unchanged. 2. The malignant cells are generally coarser and more refringent than normal cells. They possess the cytological characteristics of fibroblasts without showing any morphological abnormality. They can be considered as healthy cells. The texture of their colonies is looser than that of normal fibroblasts and Sarcoma No. 10 fibroblasts. Their residual activity does not differ markedly from the normal. They proliferate unlimitedly in a nutrient medium. 3. They liquefy the fibrin of rat plasma and turn phenol red golden yellow. They do not liquefy the fibrin of chicken plasma. 4. They multiply in chick embryo juice, calf liver digest, and also in rat serum. Their growth activity is increased by the presence of bone marrow. 5. The unlimited growth of Jensen sarcoma within the body may possibly be attributed to the ability of the fibroblasts to maintain themselves upon the substances present in rat serum. This property itself probably depends upon the increased enzyme activity of the cells.
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