Santosh Rayamajhi

Tribhuvan University

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Carsten Smith‐Hall

University of Copenhagen

Henrik Meilby

University of Copenhagen

Ridish K. Pokharel

Pokhara University

Kamal Thapa

Tribhuvan University

Bir Bahadur Khanal Chhetri

Tribhuvan University

Krishna Raj Tiwari

All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur

ØJ

Øystein Juul Nielsen

University of Copenhagen

Takeshi Sakurai

The University of Tokyo

Sony Baral

Tribhuvan University

Bijendra Basnyat

University of Copenhagen

Cooperative Institutions

Tribhuvan University

University of Copenhagen

Pokhara University

Institute of Forestry

University College London

Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation

Zoological Society of London

Government of Nepal

Royal Agricultural University

National Trust for Nature Conservation

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Wildlife response to management regime and habitat loss in the Terai Arc Landscape of Nepal

Biological Conservation (2023)

Guilherme Braga Ferreira Liam Thomas Daniel J. Ingram Peggy A. Bevan Emily K. Madsen

Buffer zone

10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110334

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Citations (0)

Legal-sounding bureaucratic re-centralisation of community forestry in Nepal

Forest Policy and Economics (2017)

Bijendra Basnyat Thorsten Treue Ridish K. Pokharel Lok N. Lamsal Santosh Rayamajhi

Centralisation

Community forestry

Bureaucracy

10.1016/j.forpol.2017.08.010

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Citations (45)

Empirically based analysis of households coping with unexpected shocks in the central Himalayas

Climate and Development (2018)

Lea Ravnkilde Møller Carsten Smith‐Hall Henrik Meilby Santosh Rayamajhi Lise Herslund

Climate change may significantly impact the large number of households in developing countries depending on agricultural production, not least through changes in the frequency and/or magnitude of climatic hazards resulting in household income shocks. This paper analyses rural households' responses to past experiences of and future expectations to substantial and unexpected negative and positive agricultural income shocks. Empirical data is derived from an environmentally-augmented structured household (n = 112) survey in the high mountains of central Nepal. Multinomial logit regression, using data on rural household demographics, assets (agricultural land, livestock), value of other assets such as furniture, bicycles, and agricultural implements, and income sources showed that household coping choices are determined by opportunities to generate cash. We argue that public policies should enhance the ability of rural household to generate cash income, including through environmental products.

Household income

Survey data collection

Cash crop

10.1080/17565529.2018.1518812

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Efficiency of timber production in community and private forestry in Nepal

Environment and Development Economics (2004)

Takeshi Sakurai Santosh Rayamajhi Ridish K. Pokharel Keijiro Otsuka

This study compares the management performance of timber production among three management systems in Nepal: private forestry, community forestry with collective management, and community forestry with centralized management. While collective management relies entirely on community labor for the whole management, centralized management uses community labor for the protection of forests and hired labor for silvicultural operations, for example weeding, pruning, and thinning. We found that collective community management is less costly for the protection of planted trees but allocates less labor for the management of trees than private management. We also found that centralized management of natural forests leads to higher revenue and profit than collective management. These findings support the hypothesis that, while collective management is more efficient than private management for the protection of trees due to effective mutual supervision, profit-seeking private management or centralized management is more efficient than collective management for silvicultural operations due to superior work incentives. This study, however, failed to compare efficiency of private and centralized management.

Community forestry

Community Management

Revenue Sharing

10.1017/s1355770x04001457

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Citations (38)

Growth Ring Measurements of Shorea robusta Reveal Responses to Climatic Variation

Forests (2019)

Sony Baral Narayan Prasad Gaire Sugam Aryal Mohan Pandey Santosh Rayamajhi

Many tropical species are not yet explored by dendrochronologists. Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) is an ecologically important and economically valuable tree species which grows in the southern plains and mid-hills of Nepalese Central Himalayas. Detailed knowledge of growth response of this species provides key information for the forest management. This paper aims to assess the dendroclimatic potential of Shorea robusta and to understand climatic effects on its growth. A growth analysis was done by taking 60 stem disc samples that were cut 0.3 m above ground and represented different diameter classes (>10 cm to 50 cm). Samples were collected and analysed following standard dendrochronological procedures. The detailed wood anatomical analysis showed that the wood was diffuse-porous, with the distribution of vessels in the entire ring and growth rings mostly marked with gradual structural changes. The basal area increment (BAI) chronology suggested that the species shows a long-term positive growth trend, possibly favoured by the increasing temperature in the region. The growth-climate relationship indicated that a moist year, with high precipitation in spring (March–May, MAM) and summer (June–September, JJAS), as well as high temperature during winter (November–February) was beneficial for the growth of the species, especially in a young stand. A significant positive relationship was observed between the radial trees increment and the total rainfall in April and the average total rainfall from March to September. Similarly, a significant positive relationship between radial growth and an average temperature in winter (November–January) was noted.

Shorea robusta

Basal area

Annual growth %

Dipterocarpaceae

10.3390/f10060466

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Citations (15)

A unique environmental augmented household-level livelihood dataset from Nepal

Solomon Zena Walelign Carsten Smith‐Hall Santosh Rayamajhi Bir Bahadur Khanal Chhetri

10.17632/k5b2zmr4kp.2

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Nepal's Community Forestry: Need of Better Governance

InTech eBooks (2012)

K. Ridish Santosh Rayamajhi Raj Krishna

Community forestry promotes the management of forests as Common Pool Resources (CPRs) (Ostrom, 1992; Acharya, 2002). A common pool resource refers to a natural or manmade resource system that is sufficiently large as to make it costly to exclude potential beneficiaries from obtaining benefits from its use (Ostrom, 1990). All CPRs share two attributes: it is costly to exclude individuals from using the goods either through physical barriers or legal instruments, and the benefits consumed by one individual subtract from the benefits available to others (Ostrom and Ostrom, 1977; Ostrom et al., 1994). There are some problems in managing CPRs. The problem of CPR is overuse which is described by Hardin (1968) as Tragedy of the Commons. Hardin uses meaning of commons as open access i.e., everybody's property and everybody's property is nobody's property (Gordon, 1954). Resources managed as common property are not necessarily open access. They are managed by a community or social group with exclusive rights to use resources. The rights to use resources are limited to the group; not to everybody. One feature of common property is a right to use something in common with others (MacPherson, 1978). As property is in common, the property rights are assigned to a community or social group where the rules of appropriation of resources are assumed to safeguard the community or social group. Members of the group agree to limit their individuals claim on resource by subscribing to rules governing the use of resources. Hardin’s notion of the commons was scrutinized under the conceptual differences between resource types and property rights governing their use (Ciriacy-Wantrup and Bishop, 1975). The property rights and governance are closely intertwined and it is one reason that several studies have examined common property institutions to produce different attributes that are conducive for collective action and also for successful governance of resources (Ostrom, 1990; Baland and Platteau, 1996; Hobley and Shah, 1996; Ostrom, 1999; Agrawal, 2001).

Common-pool resource

Appropriation

Common ownership

Collective Action

10.5772/33439

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Citations (7)

Assessing prey selection of snow leopard in Mt. Kangchenjunga, Nepal

Authorea (Authorea) (2021)

Kamal Thapa Natalie Schamitt Narendra Man Babu Pradhan Hem Raj Acharya Santosh Rayamajhi

In spring of 2012, we studied the feeding habits of snow leopard using a comprehensive approach that combines fecal genetic sampling, macro and microscopic analysis of snow leopard diets and direct observation of Naur and livestock in Kangchenjunga Conservation Area of east Nepal. Out of collected 88 putative snow leopard scat samples from 140 transects (290 km) in 27 (4*4 km2) sampling grid cells, 83% were confirmed to be from snow leopard. The genetic analysis accounted for 19 individual snow leopards (10 male and 9 female) with a mean population size estimate of 24 (95% CI: 19- 29), and an average density of 3.9 snow leopards/100 km2 within 609 km2. Total available prey biomass of Naur and Yak was estimated at 355,236 kg (505 kg yak/km2 and 78 kg Naur/km2). From the available prey biomass, we estimated snow leopards consumed 7% annually which was comprised of wild prey (49%), domestic livestock (45%), and 6% unidentified items. The estimated 47,736 kg Naur biomass gives a snow leopard-Naur ratio of 1: 59 on a weight basis. The proportion of young Naur was estimated at 17%, with an almost double predation rate at 28%. Predators such as common leopard and wolf share the same habitat and might compete with snow leopard for prey which will likely influence future predator-prey associations in KCA. Along with livestock insurance scheme improvement, there needs to be a focus on improved livestock guarding as well as engaging and educating local people to be citizen scientists on the importance of snow leopard conservation, involving them in long-term monitoring programs and promotion of ecotourism.

Snow leopard

Leopard

10.22541/au.161191408.89015908/v1

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An Assessment of the President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Program

Forestry Journal of Institute of Forestry Nepal (2019)

Santosh Rayamajhi Ridish K. Pokharel Krishna Raj Tiwari Binod Prasad Heyojoo Bir Bahadur Khanal Chhetri

Chure landscape is important and valuable because of its topography, geology, geo-morphology and climate. It provides several ecosystem services to the areas downstream, and also, has direct influence on the quality of the environment. The Government of Nepal (GoN) declared Chure landscape as Chure Environmental Protection Area in 2014, and also, formed President Chure-Tarai Madhesh Conservation Development Board (PCTMCDB) to look it separately. In the last four years, the government has entrusted to invest NRs. 6.15 billion in achieving the targeted objectives. This paper looks at whether the investment is worthwhile by assessing the effectiveness of the policies and programs in Chure landscape to achieve its target or goal. The information was gathered through consultative meetings, key informant interviews, focus group discussions and household surveys in the concentrated and distributive sites of river basin systems. The findings show that the formation of a separate body i.e., board and the designed programs, such as river training, soil and water conservation and livelihood support programs are highly relevant. However, the board has not been effective in holding the authority to implement the programs. The programs are being implemented in an ad hoc basis. Similarly, a blanket approach is not appropriate to implement the conservation and development programs due to different physiographic and variation in socio-economic conditions and resource use practices. There is a need of establishing an office with full legal authority along with integrated policy, and also, creation of an independent Chure conservation fund for its sustainability.

Investment

10.3126/forestry.v16i0.28362

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Citations (1)

Devastating Monsoon: Water Induced Disaster Management Practices in Nepal

Forestry Journal of Institute of Forestry Nepal (2018)

Krishna Raj Tiwari Santosh Rayamajhi

Nepal is prone to a variety of recurring natural disasters such as floods, landslides, snow avalanches, thunderstorms, drought, earth quake and epidemics. In particular, floods, landslides, hailstorms and drought are almost regular phenomena. This paper has focused mainly on water induced disaster (Monsoon) prepared through review of documents, consultation with related line agencies and field level interaction with affected communities. The paper also seeks to explore and document the major disasters and their impacts in Nepal. It discusses policy and program, institutional arrangement and activities related to the disaster management as well as identification of gaps in the policy and program. Nepal has attempted to manage the prevalence of these hazards and their associated disasters through both informal civic involvement and formal government instruments. A legal and policy environment to deal with disasters has existed in one or the other form in Nepal since 1982, and these have been reviewed. Study showed that disaster management activities only found initial response rather post disaster program. However, findings of the previous and present programs and activities on disaster management have not addressed effectively to the vulnerable people and to reduce the impact from disasters at the local level. It is suggested that disaster management policy and program should be integrated and mainstreamed in development agenda.

10.3126/forestry.v15i0.24921

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Citations (10)