Abstract Two hundred and sixty‐three Indians aged six and above were studied in Oklahoma for blood types, hemoglobin types, and physical traits; 53% were Seminoles and the remainder were admixed with Creek or other populations. The results indicate that they resemble the Florida Seminoles in most of their serologic traits. In physical traits they are comparable to the group studied by Krogman two decades ago. Compared with the Florida Seminoles, the Oklahoma sample are slightly taller and heavier, significantly lighter in skin color, and have a lower incidence of sickle cell gene. By both serology and morphology the Oklahoma group are most similar to Florida Seminoles, slightly less similar to other Indian groups, and still less to White and Negro populations. The Oklahoma sample of women showed a non‐significantly greater fertility than those of Florida. Some indication of positive assortative mating for skin color was found in both groups.
Background : Epidemiologic studies have focused on the association between breast cancer risk and a variety of lifestyle and exogenous factors. Purpose : The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, oral contraceptive (OC) use, estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), and body mass on risk of breast cancer. Methods : These variables were examined in a case-control study of 604 patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer and 520 control subjects who did not have breast cancer and were frequency matched for age, hospital, and time of diagnosis. These case patients and control subjects were part of an ongoing study of breast cancer by the American Health Foundation and were selected for interview from hospitals in the New York City area from January 1987 through December 1989. The data were analyzed by computation of odds ratios (ORs) for potential risk factors, with adjustment for age at diagnosis and other potential confounding variables and with stratification by menopausal status. Results : We observed positive effects of ERT and high body mass on the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, particularly when each factor was examined in the absence of the other factor. In lean postmentopausal woamen, the adjusted summary OR associated with ERT was significantly elevated (OR = 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1–3.5; P<01), and there was a statistically significant dose response of breast cancer risk with ERT duration ( adjusted ORs = 2.0 for <5 years and 2.2 for≥5years; positive trend, P<.02). Reciprocally, in women who did not receive ERT, high body mass (Quetelet index > 27) was a significant risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer (OR = 2.1; 95& CI = 1.3–3.3; P<.02), and the liner trend in risk with increasing body mass was significant (positive trend, P<.02). The strongest effect of body mass occurred in women who were lean at age 18 and gained enough weight to place them in the upper tertile of body mass at the time of diagnosis (OR = 2.6; 95& CI = 1.5–4.6; P<.01). There was no evidence of significant positive associations between breast cancer risk and cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, or OC use in any subgroup of these women. Conclusions : our results support the hypothesis that excess adipose deposition heightens breast cancer risk in the postmeno pausal years. Furthermore, they underscore the need for continuing investigation of the effects of exogenous estrogens on the development of this malignancy, Particularly in lean postmenopausal women. [J Natl Cancer Inst 84:1575–1582, 1992]
Dopamine-β-hrydroxylase (DBH) activity in serum was measured by spectro-photometric methods in 95 persons of a large family (HGAR 2), along with 27 polymorphic markers from blood, urine and saliva. The distribution of DBH activity, after appropriate transformation and age adjustment, showed a significantly better fit to a mixture of two normal distributions than a single normal distribution. Pedigree segregation analyses showed evidence of a possible major gene governing low levels of DBH activity, segregating in this family in a recessive fashion. Linkage analyses between that major locus and the 27 polymorphic markers showed no significant lod scores favoring linkage. The highest lod score obtained was 0.81 with Lp at zero recombination fraction. In addition, published data on DBH activity measured by radiochemical assays on 22 families with 161 members were reanalyzed as a quantitative trait, with appropriate correction for ascertainment bias. The results were similar to that of HGAR 2, corroborating the existence of a major locus for DBH activity.
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