e15144 Background: Hepatocyte growth factor or scatter factor has been linked to the proliferation, motility, and metastatic invasion of cancer cells. Pro-HGF, an inactive precursor, is cleaved into a biologically active heterodimeric form called activated HGF (AHGF). We evaluated the potential of AHGF as a diagnostic and prognostic urinary biomarker candidate for prostate cancer. Methods: Urinary levels of AHGF were determined via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co., Ltd, Japan) in duplicate. Samples were compared between men with localized (n=65) and metastatic (n=36) cancer and a healthy control group of men (n=19). AHGF concentrations were normalized with creatinine (Bayer DCA 2000+ Analyzer). Results: The difference of urinary AHGF levels between the control group (mean: 111.3 pg/mg, range: 27.0-250.0) and the prostate cancer groups (mean: 230.1 pg/mg, range: 20.9-1010.0) was statistically significant (p<0.0001). Furthermore, urinary AHGF concentrations were significantly different between the control and the localized group (mean: 235.2 pg/mg, range: 24.6-668.0) (p<0.0001) and between the control and the metastatic group (mean: 220.8 pg/mg, range: 20.9-1010.0) (p=0.0039). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve associated with the diagnostic accuracy of HGF between control and prostate cancer groups was 0.75 (p=0.0006, 0.64 to 0.85 confidence interval). There was no significant difference between the localized and metastatic groups. Conclusions: Urinary levels of activated HGF have the potential as a novel noninvasive diagnostic marker for prostate cancer.
BACKGROUND: The kallikrein-related (KLK) serine protease, prostate specific antigen is the current marker for prostate cancer (PCa). Other members of the KLK family are also emerging as potential adjunct biomarkers for this disease. Our aim was to identify and characterize novel KLK-related genes with potential as PCa bio-markers. METHODS: Low stringency DNA screening was coupled with amplification techniques to identify novel sequences. Transcripts were examined by Northern blot, RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization analysis and in silico bioinformatics approaches. Protein characterization was performed by Western blot and confocal microscopy analysis. Gene regulation studies were performed by quantitative PCR and promoter reporter assays. RESULTS: We identified a novel kallikrein-related mRNA designated KRIP1 (kallikrein-related, expressed in prostate 1) which, together with the recently reported PsiKLK1 and KLK31P transcripts, is transcribed from KLKP1; a gene evolved from, and located within, the KLK locus. Significantly, in contrast to these other non-coding KLKP1 transcripts, the KRIP1 mRNA generates an approximately 18 kDa intracellular protein-the first non-serine protease identified from the KLK locus. KRIP1 mRNA is abundant only in normal prostate and is restricted to cells of epithelial origin in normal and diseased glands. Ligand binding of the androgen receptor increases transcription from the KLKP1 gene. Consistently, KRIP1 mRNA levels are lower in PCa samples compared to benign prostatic hyperplasia. CONCLUSIONS: Transcription from KLKP1 is reduced as cells de-differentiate on the pathway to malignancy. KLKP1/KRIP1 has potential as a marker of both PCa progression and recent evolutionary events within the KLK locus.