G.-D. Willenberg

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt

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S. V. Lotkhov

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt

H. Scherer

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt

A. B. Zorin

Lomonosov Moscow State University

H. N. Tauscher

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt

C. O. Weiß

Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute

P. Warnecke

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt

K. Weyand

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt

J. B. Heppner

Florida Museum of Natural History

S. P. Giblin

National Physical Laboratory

F. Overney

Swiss Federal Institute of Metrology

Cooperative Institutions

Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt

Swiss Federal Institute of Metrology

Chalmers University of Technology

National Physical Laboratory

Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique

Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica

Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers

CEA Paris-Saclay - Etablissement de Fontenay-aux-roses

National Institute of Standards and Technology

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Three-dimensional positioning setup for magnetometer sensors

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement (1997)

G.-D. Willenberg K. Weyand

As the sensors of many magnetometers, such as SQUID magnetometers, are not directly accessible, their spatial location is often known only approximately. To be able to position such sensors more accurately, a novel measuring setup has been developed to determine the sensor location by means of magnetic measurements. The system has a resolution of better than 0.1 mm. It can be used with virtually any magnetometer that is capable of working in inhomogeneous fields. Measurements with SQUIDs inside two different commercial Dewars yielded out-of-axis sensor displacements of 1.6 mm and 7.5 mm, which show clearly that the performing of such measurements is essential in experiments where the exact sensor location could be crucial.

Position (finance)

Biomagnetism

Position sensor

10.1109/19.571939

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Citations (1)

Uncertainty assessment of Si molar mass measurements

International Journal of Mass Spectrometry (2009)

G. Mana Enrico Massa S. Valkiers G.-D. Willenberg

Molar mass

10.1016/j.ijms.2009.09.005

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Citations (14)

Far infrared cw raman lasing in NH3

Optics Communications (1980)

G.-D. Willenberg U. Hübner J. B. Heppner

Raman laser

10.1016/0030-4018(80)90191-1

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Citations (33)

Recent progress in the setup of the electron counting capacitance standard at PTB

H. Scherer S. V. Lotkhov G.-D. Willenberg

We report on our new results in the setup of an experiment where a capacitor is charged by a well-known number of electrons. Considerable progress was made by using a single-electron R-pump for the controlled manipulation of single electrons for the first time, and by the successful implementation of a suitable cryogenic capacitor in the millikelvin dilution refrigerator setup.

Cryogenics

Electron counting

10.1109/cpem.2008.4574761

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Citations (1)

Steps Toward a Capacitance Standard Based on Single-Electron Counting at PTB

IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement (2005)

H. Scherer S. V. Lotkhov G.-D. Willenberg A. B. Zorin

A capacitance standard based on the definition of capacitance C=Ne/U is realized if a capacitor is charged with a known number N of electrons (e is the elementary charge), and the voltage U across the capacitor is measured . If U is measured by means of a Josephson voltage standard, C is solely determined by quantum numbers and fundamental constants. Presently, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) is setting up this experiment using a special type of single-electron pump, the so-called r-pump , for transferring electrons one by one onto a cryogenic vacuum capacitor with the decadic capacitance C =1 pF. We report on the progress in the setup with emphasis on the characterization of the single-electron tunneling elements. We describe the modifications of the single-electron circuit that are necessary to implement the capacitor charging experiment by using a four- or five-junction r-pump.

Electron counting

Differential capacitance

Capacitance probe

Parasitic capacitance

10.1109/tim.2004.843075

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Citations (10)

Intercomparison of Precision Current Sources in the Range From 10 fA to 10 pA Between PTB and VNIIM

Conference on Precision Electromagnetic Measurements (2004)

G.-D. Willenberg H. N. Tauscher O. M. Pavlov І. В. Короткова

An intercomparison of precision current sources was carried out for currents between 10 fA to 10 pA. The current sources of both PTB and VNIIM were based on the principle of charging a capacitor using a linear voltage ramp (Rozhdestvenskaya et al., 1979) and (Willenberg et al., 2003). The relative deviation for the values of the sources were found to be between 2.8middot10 ^-4 and 3.1middot10 ^-3 , depending on the current range

10.1109/cpem.2004.305559

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Citations (1)

Interaction of three coherent fields with Doppler broadened serial four-level systems: Application to four-level FIR lasers

IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics (1982)

G.-D. Willenberg J. B. Heppner F. B. Foote

The semiclassical density matrix treatment is applied to serial four-level systems for the steady state. Phase and energy relaxations as well as Doppler effects and M degeneracy are accounted for. The calculations are restricted to parallel polarized fields, avoiding problems of quantum interference. The formalism is used to calculate the gain spectra of different four-level far-infrared (FIR) laser schemes: double resonance pumped laser, Raman laser, two-photon pumped laser, and hyper-Raman-laser.

Density matrix

Raman laser

Semiclassical physics

10.1109/jqe.1982.1071491

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Citations (26)

Realization of the Ampere Based on High- and Low-Field NMR Experiments

Metrologia (1986)

K. Weyand G.-D. Willenberg

The SI unit of current, the ampere, may be realized by combining the results of two different NMR experiments observing the precession frequencies of some nuclei. In contrast to the well-known methods used in some metrology institutes we suggest referring the magnetic flux densities produced by quite different coil arrangements in the two experiments to one coil, thus eliminating the first-order influence of its geometrical dimensions.

Ampere

Realization (probability)

Precession

10.1088/0026-1394/22/3/017

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Citations (3)

New cw two-photon pumped and Raman fir laser lines in 14NH3 and 15NH3

Optics Communications (1983)

G.-D. Willenberg

Raman laser

Two-photon excitation microscopy

Line (geometry)